HDL/LDL cholesterol ratios

Muller, H., A. S. Lindman, A. L. Brantsaeter, and ]. 1. Pedersen. The serum LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio is influenced more favorably by exchanging saturated with unsaturated fat than by reducing saturated fat in the diet of women. J Nutr 2003 133(1) 78-83. Thomas, T. R., J. Pellechia, R. S. Rector, G. Y. Sun, M. S. Sturek, and M. H. Laughlin. Exercise training does not reduce hyperlipidemia in pigs fed a high-fat diet. Metabolism 2002 51(12) 1587-1595. 

The latter term really represents VLDL cholesterol. It is now recognized that serum apoprotein determinations provide the best cardiovascular disease risk evaluation high levels of ApoB-100, especially ApoLp(a), are associated with a high disease risk, but high levels of ApoA-I are associated with a low risk. The optimal LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio is 3 or less. 

In a follow-up smdy (167), diets enriched by 16 0 (pahn olein), 18 1 (rapeseed oil), or the American Heart Association (AHA) step-one diet were compared by feeding these diets in rotation to 23 volunteers. TC and LDL-C levels were found to be unaffected by these diets, despite the exchange of key fatty acids common in human diets. The AHA diet, however, significantly increased HDL-C while lowering the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio. There was hardly any difference in the lipid and lipoprotein concentrations of subjects following consumption of the 16 0 and 18 1 enriched diets. 

In another study of pistachio consumption among 44 men and women, subjects were randomized to either a regular diet or a pistachio diet in which pistachio nuts provided 20% of energy intake for a 3-week period. After 3 weeks on the pistachio diet, significant dcCTeases were seen in total cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, and LDL/HDL ratio, and patients also experienced a decrease in plasma malondialdehyde, an important indicator of lipid peroxidation [23],... 

Effects of SFA consiunption on serum lipids and lipoproteins further vary according to which specific SFA is consumed [6,58,59]. Palmitic acid intake raised serum/plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. However, all SFA increased HDL-cholesterol as well, but HDL-raising effects are greater as SFA chain-length decreases. This has been shown by metaanalysis of RCT studies, when different chain-length SFA were used as an isocaloric replacement for carbohydrates [60]. The total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, the best overall indication of potential effects on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk is nonsignificantly affected by consiunption of palmitic acid. 

Mensink further compared the effects of high-PA fat with those of high-OA fat on the serum lipoprotein profile of 44 healthy subjects (Mensink, 2008). Two experimental diets provided 40% of energy from fat 15% energy was supplied by one of two experimental fats, both low tram and with comparable functional characteristics (semiliquid fat). The high-OA fat had a more favourable effect on the serum lipoprotein profile than the fat high in PA decreased serum LDL cholesterol levels were observed and the total HDL cholesterol ratio was also lowered. 

In alcoholics, below the age of 40, the LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio is very low. There is no overlap with normal blood donors. We can safely say that a ratio below 1.2 rules out a teatotaller. These changes are quickly reversible after cessation of alcohol intake, thus lipoprotein diagnostics can be used for therapeutic monitoring. 

Zidovudine The differential effects of antiretroviral drugs on body fat disposition have been studied in 50 HTV-1 infected men in a randomized single-blind comparison of zidovudine + lamivudine with lopinavir + ritonavir and nevirapine with lopinavir + ritonavir [67 ]. In those who took the zidovudine-based therapy limb fat fell progressively from 3 months onward by a mean of 684 g up to 24 months, whereas abdominal fat increased, but exclusively in the visceral compartment. In contrast, in those who took nevirapine-based therapy there was a generalized increase in fat mass. After 24 months there were no significant differences in HDL cholesterol and the total/HDL cholesterol ratio, but total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were higher in those who had taken nevirapine. 

A 42-year-old man presents with a chief complaint of intermittent claudication during exercise. His fomHy history is significant for the presence of cardiovascular disease on his fether s side, but not on his mother s side. Physical exam reveals xanthelasmas and bilateral tendon xanthomas. A plasma lipid profile reveals a cholesterol level of 340 mg/dL, with a high LDL/HDL ratio. He is given instructions for dietary modifications and a prescription for Zocor (simvastatin). 

Lipoproteins are an important class of serum proteins in which a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters is surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins (fatbinding proteins). Lipoproteins transport lipid in the circulation and vary in size and density, depending on their proteindipid ratio (Figure 7.3). Lipoprotein metabolism is adversely affected by obesity low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and plasma triglyceride are increased, together with decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations. 

Phenytoin increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (118), and may also increase total cholesterol and serum triglyceride concentrations (SED-13,143) (119). In a 5-year prospective study with carbamazepine, there was a persistent rise in total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, whereas triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol increased only transiently (120). In a more recent study, total cholesterol fell when 12 patients were switched from carbamazepine to oxcarbazepine, but HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were unchanged (121). In a comparison of 101 epileptic patients with matched controls, valproate was associated with lower total and LDL cholesterol, whereas carbamazepine was associated with higher HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A concentrations and phenobarbital with higher concentrations of total and HDL cholesterol and apolipoproteins A and B. The ratio of total to HDL cholesterol was reduced with valproate and carbamazepine but not with phenobarbital (122). 

There are many different ways to classify lipids. Here, we focus on lipid profiles in depression, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, and the ratios of TC/HDL and LDL/HDL (atherogenic index). 

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