Chloride ores

Chemical reaction A process in which one or more substances, called reactants, are converted to product(s), 67. See also Reaction, nonmetals, 575q, 555-558 Chernobyl nuclear accident, 525-526 Chiral center Carbon atom bonded to four different groups, 600 Chiral drugs, 601 Chloride ores, 535-536 Chlorinated water, 556 Chlorine... 

PPG-40 diethylmonium chloride ore flotation agent, copper extraction Cresylic acid ore flotation collector Bis-hexamethylenetriamine ore leaching additive Dihexyl sodium sulfosuccinate ore processing... 

Potassium chloride ores usually are mixed salts, and so a certain amount of refining is often a part of the KCl extraction process. As a result, the material supplied to the chlor-alkali industry usually is of higher quality than the raw NaCl. Other grades of NaCl, however, are available that have also been treated to a higher purity before sale. 

The examples in the preceding section, of the flotation of lead and copper ores by xanthates, was one in which chemical forces predominated in the adsorption of the collector. Flotation processes have been applied to a number of other minerals that are either ionic in type, such as potassium chloride, or are insoluble oxides such as quartz and iron oxide, or ink pigments [needed to be removed in waste paper processing [92]]. In the case of quartz, surfactants such as alkyl amines are used, and the situation is complicated by micelle formation (see next section), which can also occur in the adsorbed layer [93, 94]. 

Similar graphs can be plotted for the reduction of any metal oxide and also for the reduction of chloride and sulphide ores. 

Give the name and formula of one ore of mercury. How is the metal (a) extracted from this ore, (b) purified Starting from the metal, how would you prepare specimens of (c) mercury(I) chloride,... 

Potassium Chloride. The principal ore encountered in the U.S. and Canadian mines is sylvinite [12174-64-0] a mechanical mixture of KCl and NaCl. Three beneficiation methods used for producing fertilizer grades of KCl ate thermal dissolution, heavy media separation, and flotation (qv). The choice of method depends on factors such as grade and type of ore, local energy sources, amount of clay present, and local fuel and water availabiUty and costs. 

Purification. Extraction from aluminum or 2inc ores produces cmde galHum metal or concentrates. These concentrates are transformed to sodium gallate, galHum chloride, or galHum sulfate solutions which are purified, then electroly2ed. GalHum is deposited as a Hquid. 

A proposed method which avoids cyanide consists of treating gold ore with gaseous chlorine at elevated (<250° C) temperatures to volatilise gold as chloride Au2Clg [12446-79-6] or AuMCl, (M = Fe [12523-43-2] A1 [73334-09-5], or Ga [73334-08-4]) and recovering it by condensation (23). 

Molten magnesium chloride can be formed by the direct carbochlofination of magnesium oxide obtained from the calciaation of magnesium carbonate ores or magnesium hydroxide [1309-42-8]. 

This reaction, carried out at high (700—800°C) temperatures, also converts several impurities ia the ores to volatile chlorides, thus purifyiag the MgCl2. A patent describes the carbothermal cblorination of magnesite direcdy (15). 

The cathode mix for a Leclanchn primary battery consists of 50—60% manganese dioxide ore, 5—10% acetylene black, 10—20% ammonium chloride, and 3—12% 2inc chloride. The remainder is water (see Batteries, primary cells). 

Chlorination. In some instances, the extraction of a pure metal is more easily achieved from the chloride than from the oxide. Oxide ores and concentrates react at high temperature with chlorine gas to produce volatile chlorides of the metal. This reaction can be used for common nonferrous metals, but it is particularly useful for refractory metals like titanium (see Titanium and titanium alloys) and 2irconium (see Zirconium and zirconium compounds), and for reactive metals like aluminum. 

The reaction of chlorine gas with a mixture of ore and carbon at 500—1000°C yields volatile chlorides of niobium and other metals. These can be separated by fractional condensation (21—23). This method, used on columbites, is less suited to the chlorination of pyrochlore because of the formation of nonvolatile alkaU and alkaline-earth chlorides which remain in the reaction 2one as a residue. The chlorination of ferroniobium, however, is used commercially. The product mixture of niobium pentachloride, iron chlorides, and chlorides of other impurities is passed through a heated column of sodium chloride pellets at 400°C to remove iron and aluminum by formation of a low melting eutectic compound which drains from the bottom of the column. The niobium pentachloride passes through the column and is selectively condensed the more volatile chlorides pass through the condenser in the off-gas. The niobium pentachloride then can be processed further. 

Dialkyl and diaryl dithiophosphoric acids are the bases of many high pressure lubricants, oil additives (see Lubrication and lubricants), and ore flotation chemicals (see Mineral recovery and processing). Organophosphoms insecticides such as Parathion are made by chlorination of the appropriate diaLkyl dithiophosphate and subsequent reaction of the intermediate dialkyl thiophosphoric chloride with sodium -nitrophenolate according to the following (see... 

Four minerals are the principal commercial sources of potash (Table 2). In all ores, sodium chloride is the principal soluble contaminant. Extraneous water-iasoluble material, eg, clay and siUca, is a significant contaminant ia some of the evaporates being mined from underground deposits. Some European potassium ores contain relatively large amounts of the mineral kieserite, MgS04-H2 0. It is recovered for captive use to produce potassium sulfate compounds or is marketed ia relatively pure form as a water-soluble magnesium fertilizer. 

Approximately 98% of the potassium recovered ia primary ore and natural brine refining operations is recovered as potassium chloride. The remaining 2% consists of potassium recovered from a variety of sources. Potassium produced from these sources occurs as potassium sulfate combiaed with magnesium sulfate. Prom a practical point of view, the basic raw material for ak of the potassium compounds discussed ia this article, except potassium tartrate, is potassium chloride. Physical properties of selected potassium compounds are Hsted ia Table 3, solubkities ia Table 4. 

Froth Flotation. Froth flotation (qv) of potassium chloride from sylvinite ores accounts for ca 80% of the potassium chloride produced in North America and about 50% of the potassium chloride in Europe and the CIS. Fractional crystallisation and heavy-media processing account for the remaining amounts produced. Froth flotation has been described (6,16,17). 

Longer-chain amines, ie, arachidyl—behenyl (C2Q to C22) amines, are used ia special cases ia which brine temperatures exceed 35°C. At temperatures higher than ambient, normal tallow amine tends to dissolve and therefore is unavailable to coat the surfaces of the potassium chloride crystals. Amine consumption is from 50 g/1 (ca 40 wt % KCl) of high grade ore, to 150 g/1 (ca 20 wt % KCl) of low grade ore. 

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