Minerals chloride

Chlorine is the twentieth most abundant element in crustal rocks where it occurs to the extent of 126 ppm (cf. nineteenth V, 136 ppm, and twenty-first Cr, 122 ppm). The vast evaporite deposits of NaCl and other chloride minerals have already been described (pp. 69, 73). Dwarfing these, however, are the inconceivably vast reserves in ocean waters (p. 69) where more than half the total average salinity of 3.4 wt% is due to chloride ions (1.9 wt%). Smaller quantities, though at higher concentrations, occur in certain inland seas and in subterranean brine wells, e.g. the Great Salt Lake, Utah (23% NaCl) and the Dead Sea, Israel (8.0% NaCl, 13.0% MgCU, 3.5% CaCU). 

The sulfete and chloride minerals in evaporites (gypsum, anhydrite, halite) undergo congruent dissolution to produce Ca (aq), S04 (aq), Na (aq), and Cl (aq). The dissolution of evaporite and biogenic carbonates (limestone, dolomite, and calcite) generates... 

Bromine (Br) is the most important genetic trace element for potash within salt deposits. Bromide minerals do not form during the crystallization of salts from seawater rather bromine tends to accumulate with increasing brine concentration and occurs only as a trace in solid solution as a substitute for chlorine in the precipitating chloride minerals. 

Only one phosphide mineral appears on the list. The tabulation contains twenty-six arsenate species but not a single arsenide. The fibrous minerals recorded reflect the limitations imposed by natural circumstances, and especially the opportunities for elements to be juxtaposed geochemically and able to produce a particular mineral compound. Oxygen containing compounds form by far the most prevalent natural fibers, but simple hydroxide and carbonate compounds are also prominent on the list. There are more oxyhalides and water-containing minerals than pure chloride minerals, al-... 

Frost RL, Martens W, Kloprogge JT, Williams PA (2002) Raman sepctroscopy of the basic copper chloride minerals atacamite and paratacamite implications for the study of copper, brass and bronze objects of archaeological significance. J Raman Spectrosc 33 801-806. 

Chemical separation of the catalyst from the bottom products. Some coals, such as Australian brown coal, consist principally of reactive macerals and contain organically bound calcium and sodium, which almost exclusively produce carbonate and chloride minerals during liquefaction. The catalyst can be separated by extracting these minerals, which exist on the catalyst surface or as precipitates in the bottoms product. 

Potash is used as a collective name for mined or produced salts that contain water-soluble potassium (for a large part as sylvite, potassium chloride mineral), with a total worldwide production of 35 Mt in 2007 [1]. Potassium (bi)carbonate production methods involve the carbonation of potassium hydroxide (KOH), which in turn is produced by electrolysis of aqueous potassium chloride solutions. 

Mineral matter may also contribute to the volatile matter by virtue of the loss of water from the clays, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonate minerals, the loss of sulfur from pyrite (FeS2), and the generation of hydrogen chloride from chloride minerals as well as various reactions that occur within the minerals, thereby influencing the analytical data (Given and Yarzab, 1978). 

A complete removal of the surfactant was obtained at BDD in which, in absence of chlorides, mineralization was achieved by a direct involving of OH radicals originated at the electrode surface, with a process which resulted controlled by the mass transfer. The results from oxidation at BDD performed with a real car wash wastewater confirmed those obtained from model solutions. Conversely, at ternary oxide electrodes the efficiency was lower than that measured for model solutions as suggested by the authors, the presence of heavy metals, which caused the decomposition of electrogenerated active chlorine, could be the reason of this behaviour. 

Chloride minerals are rarely found in coal in the form of solid species because of high solubility of sodium, calcium and trace metal chlorides in coal strata waters. The "inherent" water content of coal is related to its porosity and thus the moisture content of lignite deposits can exceed 40 per cent decreasing to below 5 per cent in fully bituminous coals (11). Chlorides, chiefly associated with sodium and calcium constitute the bulk of water-soluble matter in British bituminous coals (12). Skipsey (13) has found that the distribution of chlorine coals was closely related to the salinity of mine waters. Hypersaline brines with concentrations of dissolved solids up to 200 kg m occur in several of the British Coalfields. 

Dipyridineiodine nitrate Acids metal chlorides Mineral acids Hydrogen halides, HF, HCl, HBr, HI Mn... 

Polyamide Nylons 100 E P E Calcium chloride, zinc chloride, mineral acids... 

Cesium carbonate Cesium chloride Cesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate anhydrous mineral wool Wollastonite mineral, pharmaceuticals Calcium gluceptate mineral, trace animal feeds Zinc carbonate Zinc chloride mineral, trace food supplements Zinc carbonate Zinc chloride minerals, testing Hydrazine sulfate mines... 

Feldspar is not important for production of potassium compounds but chloride minerals are Camallite KCl MgClj-bHjO and sylvite (sylvine) KCl. In fact sylvite is the principal ore of potassium compounds. At the beginning of the 20" century the German deposits in Stassfurt, 30 km south of Magdeburg, dominated the extraction of potassium and magnesium salts. Also Wieliczka, 10 km south of Krakow in Poland, has famous salt mines. As the air mixed with salt is considered to be healthy, a sanatorium has been established at the 200-meter level. 

Natural crystals of sodium chloride mineral (halite). 

Also see ADDITIVES CHLORINE OR CHLORIDE MINERALS and SODIUM.)... 

Anthonyite is a green or blue monoclinic hydrated copper chloride mineral, with chemical composition Cu(0H,Cl)2.3H20. Named after the mineralogist J.W. Anthony (1920-92), anthonyite is chemically very similar to calumetite q.v) which has been identified on paintings on canvas and in fi-esco. Calumetite contains less water in its structure and is usually bluer in colour. Both of these minerals are known from their type locality at the Centennial mine, Calumet (Michigan, USA). They are secondary copper minerals which form in the weathered zones of copper deposits (Williams, 1963). 

Nantokite is a copper chloride mineral with composition CuCl. It is named after its type locality of Nantoko (Atacama, Chile) from where it was described by Breithaupt in 1868. It occurs as soft masses of white microcrystals and granular aggregates which have precipitated in hydrothermal ore veins (Dana, 1932). Nantokite is also known from Tuscany (Italy), Broken Hill (Australia), St Just (Cornwall, England), Bisbee (Arizona, USA) and Durango (Mexico). 

However, it should be noted that Scott (2002) suggests that most references to paratacamite ought now be termed clinoatacamite where the pure copper member has been found. Additionally there are a number of other copper chloride minerals which occur in both natural and synthetic analogues (see entry for copper halides group for further information). 

Riederer (1982) has identified a potassium copper chloride among ancient pigments. A potassium copper chloride mineral, mitscherhchite (. v.), also exists. 

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