Bromide mineral

Bromine (Br) is the most important genetic trace element for potash within salt deposits. Bromide minerals do not form during the crystallization of salts from seawater rather bromine tends to accumulate with increasing brine concentration and occurs only as a trace in solid solution as a substitute for chlorine in the precipitating chloride minerals. 

Occurrence. Magnesium bromide [7789-48-2] MgBr2, is found in seawater, some mineral springs, natural brines, inland seas and lakes such as the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake, and salt deposits such as the Stassfurt deposits. In seawater, it is the primary source of bromine (qv). By the action of chlorine gas upon seawater or seawater bitterns, bromine is formed (see Chemicals frombrine). 

Diphenylamine is manufactured by the self-condensation of aniline in the presence of a small amount of a mineral acid, such as anhydrous hydrogen chloride, or Lewis acids, such as ferrous chloride or ammonium bromide. 

Strontium Halides. Strontium haUdes are made by the reactions of strontium carbonate with the appropriate mineral acids. They are used primarily in medicines as replacements for other bromides and iodides. 

Uses. Tballium compounds have limited use in industrial appHcations. The use of thaHous sulfate in rodenticides and insecticides has been replaced by other compounds less harmful to animals (see Insect control technology Pesticides). Tb allium sulfide has been used in photoelectric cells (see Photovoltaic cells). A thallium bromide—thallium iodide mixture is used to transmit infrared radiation for signal systems. ThaHous oxide is used in the manufacture of glass (qv) that has a high coefficient of refraction. Tb allium formate—malonate aqueous solutions (Cletici s solution) have been used in mineral separations. Many thallium compounds have been used as reagents in organic synthesis in researchlaboratoti.es. 

SiHcon tetrabromide [7789-66A], SiBr, and tribromosilane [7789-57-3], SiHBr, are used in a process to make high purity siHcon (40). Stannous bromide [10031 -24-0], SnBr2, is claimed as a catalyst in preparing a lubricant antioxidant (41). Stannic bromide [7789-67-5], SnBr, is used in the metallurgical separation of minerals (42). 

First mineral bromide (bromyrite, AgBr) discovered in Mexico by P. Berthier — later also found in Chile... 

Because of their reactivity, the halogens do not occur in the free elemental state but they are both widespread and abundant in the form of their ions, X. Iodine also occurs as iodate (see below). In addition to large halide mineral deposits, particularly of NaCl and KCl, there are vast quantities of chloride and bromide in ocean waters and brines. 

Dissolved mineral salts The principal ions found in water are calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride and nitrate. A few parts per million of iron or manganese may sometimes be present and there may be traces of potassium salts, whose behaviour is very similar to that of sodium salts. From the corrosion point of view the small quantities of other acid radicals present, e.g. nitrite, phosphate, iodide, bromide and fluoride, have little significance. Larger concentrations of some of these ions, notably nitrite and phosphate, may act as corrosion inhibitors, but the small quantities present in natural waters will have little effect. Some of the minor constituents have other beneficial or harmful effects, e.g. there is an optimum concentration of fluoride for control of dental caries and very low iodide or high nitrate concentrations are objectionable on medical grounds. 

The process can be adapted to handle all concentrations of bromide in the effluent, whether present as hydrobromic acid or salts. The controlling parameter is pH which must be maintained in the acidic region to enable the process to operate. This is most easily achieved using a mineral acid such as sulphuric acid to adjust the pH. 

Mixtures of aldehydes with surfactants are active in preventing corrosion, in particular in the presence of mineral or organic acids [646]. The aldehyde may be trans-cinnamaldehyde. The surfactant may be N-dodecylpyridinium bromide or the reaction product of trimethyl-1-heptanol with ethylene oxide [645]. Such aldehyde and surfactant mixtures provide greater and more reliable corrosion inhibition than the respective compositions containing aldehydes alone. 

The infrared spectrum of hydralazine hydrochloride (Figure 1) was obtained with a Beckman IR-12 spectrophotometer. A mineral oil dispersion between potassium bromide plates was scanned from 420 to 4000 cm-1, and a thicker layer of the dispersion, supported on polyethylene film,... 

The mineral oil absorption at 2800 to 3000 cm- 1 and at 1460 cm- obscures absorption bands of hydralazine hydrochloride at 2810, 2920, and 2970 cm-1 (N-H+ stretch) and a weak sharp band at 1470 cm- these bands can be observed in potassium bromide dispersion spectra. The bands at 1070 and 1082 cm-1 tend to merge into a single band in potassium bromide dispersion spectra. 

The infrared spectrum of hydralazine hydrochloride base in a potassium bromide dispersion (Figure 2) was recorded from 400 to 4000 cm-1, and the 200 to 550 cm-1 region was obtained from a mineral oil dispersion supported on polyethylene film. The spectra of potassium bromide dispersions of the base are qualitatively identical to those of mineral oil dispersions. The assignment of absorption bands in the spectrum of the base is similar+to that of the hydrochloride except for the presence of N-H stretch absorption in the latter. A spectrum of the base has been published (6). 

Methyllithium (prepared from methyl chloride), available from Foote Mineral Company, can be used without further purification. Attention should be drawn to the following methyllithium purchased from Alfa Inorganics is prepared from methyl bromide and thus produces a mixture of geranyl bromide and chloride. 

It had been observed already that the radioactive minerals on heating give off Helium — a gaseous element, characterised by a particular yellow line in its spectium — and it seemed not unlikely that helium might be the ultimate decomposition product of the emanation. A research to settle this point was undertaken by Sir William Ramsay and Mr. Soddy, and a preliminary experiment having confirmed the above speculation, they carried out further very careful experiments. "The maximum amount of the emanation obtained from 50 milligrams of radium bromide was conveyed by means of oxygen into a U-tube cooled in liquid air, and the latter was then extracted by the pump." The spectrum... 

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