Chloride minerals distribution

Chloride minerals are rarely found in coal in the form of solid species because of high solubility of sodium, calcium and trace metal chlorides in coal strata waters. The "inherent" water content of coal is related to its porosity and thus the moisture content of lignite deposits can exceed 40 per cent decreasing to below 5 per cent in fully bituminous coals (11). Chlorides, chiefly associated with sodium and calcium constitute the bulk of water-soluble matter in British bituminous coals (12). Skipsey (13) has found that the distribution of chlorine coals was closely related to the salinity of mine waters. Hypersaline brines with concentrations of dissolved solids up to 200 kg m occur in several of the British Coalfields. 

Many years ago, geochemists recognized that whereas some metallic elements are found as sulfides in the Earth s crust, others are usually encountered as oxides, chlorides, or carbonates. Copper, lead, and mercury are most often found as sulfide ores Na and K are found as their chloride salts Mg and Ca exist as carbonates and Al, Ti, and Fe are all found as oxides. Today chemists understand the causes of this differentiation among metal compounds. The underlying principle is how tightly an atom binds its valence electrons. The strength with which an atom holds its valence electrons also determines the ability of that atom to act as a Lewis base, so we can use the Lewis acid-base model to describe many affinities that exist among elements. This notion not only explains the natural distribution of minerals, but also can be used to predict patterns of chemical reactivity. 

Lithium was first discovered in 1817 by Arfvedsen in its sdicoaluminate mineral, petahte. However, the metal first was isolated from its mineral by Bunsen and Matthiesen in 1855. Lithium is distributed widely in nature. Its concentration in the earth s crust is 20 mg/kg, and in seawater is 0.18mg/L. It is found in many chloride brines at varying but significant amounts. The principal minerals are ... 

Sodium chloride is widely distributed in nature. Oceans are the vast source of sodium chloride. It occurs in seawater at an average concentration of 2.68 wt%. It also occurs in many inland saline waters and in salt deposits in sedimentary rocks, as the mineral hahte. 

I have been very fortunate with my new metal. I have fifty grams of the almost pure chlorplatinate, which I can easily make absolutely pure. To be sure these fifty grams were obtained from 600 hundred weights (quintals) of mineral water, whereby 2 Vs pounds of lithium chloride were obtained as a by-product. Since I have a simple method of separating it, I find it widely distributed. I shall name it cesium because of its beautiful blue spectral hne. Next Sunday I expect to find time to make the first determination of its atomic weight. 

Silver is widely distributed throughout the world. It rarely occurs in native form, but is found in ore bodies as silver chloride, or more frequently, as simple and complex sulfides. In former years, simple silver and gold-silver ores were processed by amalgamation or cyanidation processes, The availability of ores amenable to treatment by these means has declined. Most silver is now obtained as a byproduct or coproduct from base metal ores, particularly those of copper, lead, and zinc. Although these ores are different in mineral complexity and grade, processing is similar. 

Occurrence.—Small quantities of ammonium salts are widely distributed over the surface of the earth and throughout the ocean. They are present in the Stassfurt deposits. The sulphate and chloride have been found in the neighbourhood of active volcanoes, and the borate is present in the boric-acid soffioni. A mineral called struvite, MgNH4P04, is a product of the decomposition of animal excrement in the soil. 

Calcium (3.4% of lithosphere) occurs as carbonate in the minerals aragonite and calcite and the rocks limestone, chalk and marble, and as sulphate in anhydrite, CaS04, and gypsum, CaS04.2H20. All are plentiful and widely distributed. The metal, which has both h.c.p. and c.c.p. forms, is made (Fig. 138) by electrolysing the fused chloride, CaClg, a by-product of the Solvay process. 

The Ti02-mediated photocatalytic oxidation process can readily degrade 4-chlorophenol in aqueous solutions, with a complete mineralization to carbon dioxide and chloride ions, whereas the direct photolysis of 4-chlorophenol generates only a small amount of carbon dioxide. The distribution of intermediates during the course of the reaction shows that the reaction mechanism of the photocatalytic oxidation process is clearly different from that of the direct photolysis reaction. 

The carbonates are mainly calcite, dolomite, or siderite. The occurrence of calcite is frequently bimodal. Some calcite occurs as inherent ash, while other calcite appears as thin layers in cleats and fissures. Iron can be present in small quantities as hematite, ankorite, and in some of the clay minerals such as illite. In addition to the more common minerals, silica is present sometimes as sand particles or quartz. The alkalies are sometimes found as chlorides or as sulfates but probably most often as feldspars, typically orthoclase and albite. In the case of lignites, unlike bituminous and subbituminous, sodium is not present as a mineral but is probably distributed throughout the lignite as the sodium salt of a hydroxyl group or a carboxylic acid group in humic acid. Calcium, like sodium, is bound organically to humic acid. Therefore, it too is uniformly distributed in the sample [10]. 

Rubidium. Rb at. wt 85.4678 at. no. 37 valence l. Alkali metal. Widely distributed in very small quantities in earth s crust 0.0034% by wt. Natural isotopes 85 (72.15%) 87 (27.85%) Rb is radioactive Tw 4.8 X 10 years isotopes range in mass number from 79 to 95. Found with other alkali metals in rhodizite (borate), lepidolite (aluminosilicate), rubidium camallite (chloride) in sea water in mineral springs and salt lakes. Discovered by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1861. Frepn Hackspill, Heh. Chim. Acta II, 1003 (1928), Review Whaley, "Sodium, Potassium, Rubidi-am. Cesium and Francium in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry vol. I, J. C, Bailar Jr- et of.. Eds. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973) pp 369-529 F. B. White, W. G. Lidman in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology vol 20 (Wiley-Intersdence, New York, 3rd ed., 1982) pp 492-499. 

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