Liquefaction during

Kuribayashi, E., and Tatsuoka, F. 1975. Brief review of liquefaction during earthquakes in Japan, Soils and Foundations, 15, No. 4, pp. 81-92. 

Seed, H.B., and Idriss, I.M. 1982. Ground motions and soU liquefaction during earthquakes. Monograph series. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Berkeley, CA. 

Youd, T.L. and Hoose, S.N. 1975. Liquefaction during 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Meeting Preprint 2517, ASCE National Convention, Nov., pp. 1-25. 

Seed, H. B., Idriss, I. M. (1982). Ground motions and soil liquefaction during earthquakes Monograph Series (Vol. 5). Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. 

Ishihara, K., Yoshimine, M. (1992, March). Evaluation of settlements in sand deposits following liquefaction during earthquakes. Soil and Foundation, 32( 1), 173-188. 

Liquefaction is the shift to liquid properties during vibration. Soils that exhibit liquefaction during an earthquake are manmade fiUs. Some are ancient lake bed sediments or simply soft soils. Much of Mexico City and towns and cities in the area around the New Madrid Fault exhibit liquefaction. The New Madrid fault extends between Memphis, Tennessee, and southeastern Missouri. For soils subject to liquefaction, damage is likely to be significant. A common reason is foundation designs rely on normal soil properties rather than the liquified properties. 

A drainage system is usually provided for the abutment construction. The drainage system embedded in the abutment backfill soil is designed to reduce the possible buildup of the hydrostatic pressure, to control the erosion of the roadway embankment, and to reduce the possibility of soil liquefaction during... 

Idriss, I. M., and Boulanger, W. W. 2008. Soil Liquefaction During Earthquakes, EERI Monograph No. MNO-12, Oakland, CA. 

The process of necrosis requires several hours before it becomes apparent. A current example is the yellowish pus formation consisting primarily of white blood cells having undergone necrosis of liquefaction during acute inflammatory response that moved in response to a bacterial infection. 

Idriss and Boulanger. Soil Liquefaction during Earthquakes, EERI Monologue 2008. 

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