Chloride-based salts

Present production processes use two stage counter-current extraction to remove americium from molten plutonium with magnesium chloride based salts. Both 35 mole % NaCl - 35 mole % KC1 - 3D mole % MgCl2 and 50 mole % NaCl-26 mole % CaCl2 - 24 mole % Mg Cl 2 are used for americium extraction. Figures 4 and 5 show the ternary phase diagrams for these salt systemsU0). 

Pt—Q—Salt, [Pt(NH3)2(HP04)] and [Pt(OH)3] (259,260). Chloride-based baths have been superseded by P-Salt-based baths, which are more stable and relatively easily prepared. Q-Salt baths offer even greater stabiUty and produce hard, bright films of low porosity. Plating under alkaline conditions employs salts of [Pt(OH3)] . These baths are easily regenerated but have low stabiUty. Platinum films have uses in the electronics industry for circuit repair, mask repair, platinum siUcide production, and interconnection fabrication (94). Vapor deposition of volatile platinum compounds such as [Pt(hfacac)2] and... 

The central carbon atom is derived from an aromatic aldehyde or a substance capable of generating an aldehyde during the course of the condensation. Malachite green is prepared by heating benzaldehyde under reflux with a slight excess of dimethyl aniline in aqueous acid (Fig. 2). The reaction mass is made alkaline and the excess dimethylaniline is removed by steam distillation. The resulting leuco base is oxidized with freshly prepared lead dioxide to the carbinol base, and the lead is removed by precipitation as the sulfate. Subsequent treatment of the carbinol base with acid produces the dye, which can be isolated as the chloride, the oxalate [2437-29-8] or the zinc chloride double salt [79118-82-4]. 

Most simple inorganic salt solutions cause virtually no attack on aluminium-base alloys, unless they possess the qualities required for pitting corrosion, which have been considered previously, or hydrolyse in solution to give acid or alkaline reactions, as do, for example, aluminium, ferric and zinc chlorides. With salts of heavy metals —notably copper, silver, and gold —the heavy metal deposits on to the aluminium, where it subsequently causes serious bimetallic corrosion. 

Sodium chloride (table salt) is used to thicken the mixture if the main surfactants are sodium lauryl sulfates. If the surfactants are ammonium-based, then ammonium chloride is used instead. Salt can make the shampoo harsh, which can sting the eyes, so more expensive thickeners are used to keep the salt levels low. 

All chemicals, whether inorganic or organic, are either acidic, basic, or neutral. An example of an inorganic acid is sulfuric acid used in automobile batteries, while the acetic acid found in vinegar is an organic acid. Ammonia found in many household cleaners is a base, as are sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide (lye). Sodium chloride (common salt) is an example of a salt because it is produced by the neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. A solution of table sugar in water is neutral (pH 7) because it does not contain hydrogen ions nor does it react with bases to produce water. 

In discovery the most common base salt is the HCl salt. It is common in biology to use buffers containing chloride and the chloride content of the gastric contents is about 0.15 M. It often happens that the common ion effect of chloride suppresses the solubility of an HCl salt. This is a 100% solvable problem in pharmaceutical sciences. 

Those ions which take no part in the reaction are known as spectator ions , and from these considerations, the following definitions can be derived. A basic oxide (or hydroxide) is a metallic oxide (or hydroxide) which contains the 02 (or OFT) ion it will react with an acid to form a salt and water only. It is necessary to realize the importance of the word only in this definition, as were it to be omitted, then certain compounds which are quite different from basic metallic oxides and hydroxides would be covered by this definition. Thus, Pb(IV) oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce Pb(II) chloride (a salt) and water, but does not belong to the class of bases because chlorine gas is also produced ... 

A number of mineral-based substances display an adjuvant effect. Although calcium phosphate, calcium chloride and salts of various metals (e.g. zinc sulfate and cerium nitrate) display some effect, aluminium-based substances are by far the most potent. Most commonly employed are aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate (Table 13.13). Their adjuvanticity, coupled to their proven safety, render them particularly valuable in the preparation of vaccines for young children. They have been incorporated into millions of doses of such vaccine products so far. 

The quinaldine can also be separated from the crude mixture of bases by conversion into the zinc chloride double salt in the manner described in the case of quinoline. This furnishes a somewhat smaller yield of a purer preparation. 

A soluble salt of a strong acid and a strong base dissolves in water to form a neutral solution. A good example is sodium chloride (common salt). The parent acid is hydrochloric acid, a strong acid. The parent base is sodium hydroxide, a strong base. 

In the late 1800s, Svante Arrhenius defined an acid as a substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H ) concentration in water, and a base as any substance that increases the hydroxide ion (OH ) concentration in water. Acids and bases react with one another in a process called neutralization to form a salt and water. Hydrochloric acid neutralizes potassium hydroxide forming potassium chloride (a salt) and water ... 

Salts are a common variety of ionic compound. A salt can form from the reaction between a base and an acid (both of which we cover in Chapter 16). For example, hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium chloride (a salt) and water ... 

It is common lo consider that certain salts have a very corrosive action. This is true in the respect that the corrodibility of marine atmospheres has been shown to be greater than rural, tropical, and urban atmospheres. For example, ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride being salts of strong acids and a weak base, that is ammonium hydroxide, hydrolyze in Water to yield the respective acids. These sails then have a corrosive action, which is due actually to the acid produced in hydrolysis. 

The high-molecular-weight poly (propylene oxide) produced with hexacyanometalate salt complexes shows no crystallinity. Moreover, it was shown by Price et al. (18) and confirmed in our laboratory that these polymers have more than 953 head-to-tail enchainment. The amorphous fractions of partially crystalline polymers made with metal-alkyl and ferrio-chloride-based catalysts were shown by those authors to have considerable head-to-head enchainment. They postulated that this was the cause of the amorphous nature of these fractions. It seems clear, however, that the amorphous nature of the polymers prepared with hexacyanometalate salt complexes must be the result of their low degrees of tacticity. 

It explodes when heated or struck, and the bromo and other analogues are similar. See Mercury(II) chloride Hydrazine salts, Base See other MERCURY COMPOUNDS See related METAL HYDRAZIDES... 

ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE Improper proportions of acids, bases, salts, and fluids in the body. Electrolytes include the salts sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride chlorine. They can conduct electricity, and therefore are essential in nerve, muscle, and heart function. 

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