Chip electrophoresis

Mourzina, Y., A. Steffen, D. Kalyagin, R. Carius, and A. Offenhausser. Capillary zone electrophoresis of amino acids on a hybrid poly(dimethylsiloxane)-glass chip. Electrophoresis 26, 1849-1860 (2005). 

Bromberg, A. and R. A. Mathies. Multichannel homogeneous immunoassay for detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) using a microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis chip. Electrophoresis 25, 1895-1900 (2004). 

Sonlinova V, Kasicka V. Recent applications of conductivity detection in capillary and chip electrophoresis. Journal of Separation Science 29, 1743-1762, 2006. 

S. M. Lunte, Carbon paste-based electrochemical detectors for microchip capillary electrophoresis/electrochemistry, Analyst, 126 (2001) 277-280. A.J. Gawron, R.S. Martin and S.M. Lunte, Fabrication and evaluation of a carbon-based dual-electrode detector for poly(dimethylsiloxane) electrophoresis chips, Electrophoresis, 22 (2001) 242-248. 

J. Tanyanyiwa, E.M. Abad-Villar and P.C. Hauser, Contactless conductivity detection of selected organic ions in on-chip electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 25 (2004) 903-908. 

Rohr, T., Yu, C., Davey, M.H., Svec, E, Frechet, Jean M.J. Porous polymer monoliths simple and efficient mixers prepared by direct polymerization in the channels of microfluidic chips. Electrophoresis 2001, 22(18), 3959-3967. 

Jung, B., Bharadwaj, R., Santiago, J.G., Thousandfold signal increase using field-amplified sample stacking for on-chip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 3476-3483. 

Bedair, M. and El Rassi, Z., Recent advances in polymeric monohthic stationary phases for electrochromatography in capillaries and chips. Electrophoresis, 25, 4110, 2004. 

Zilberstein, GV., Baskin, E.M., Bukshpan, S., Parallel processing in the isoelectric focusing chip, Electrophoresis, 24, 3735-3744, 2003. 

Thorslund, S., Lindberg, P., Andren P.E., Nikolajeff, F, Bergquist, J., Electrokinetic-driven microfluidic system in poly(dimethylsiloxane) for mass spectrometry detection integrating sample injection, capillary electrophoresis, and electrospray emitter on-chip. Electrophoresis, 26, 4674-4678, 2005. 

Capillary column gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) has also been used to achieve more difficult separations and to perform the structural analysis of molecules, and laboratory automation technologies, including robotics, have become a powerful trend in both analytical chemistry and small molecule synthesis. On the other hand, liquid chromatography (LC)/MS is more suitable for biomedical applications than GC/MS because of the heat sensitivity exhibited by almost all biomolecules. More recent advances in protein studies have resulted from combining various mass spectrometers with a variety of LC methods, and improvements in the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) now allow direct connection of this powerful methodology with LC. Finally, the online purification of biomolecules by LC has been achieved with the development of chip electrophoresis (microfluidics). 

Chen L, Choo J (2008) Recent advances in SERS detection technology for microfluidic chip. Electrophoresis 29 1815-1828... 

Electrokinetic focusing is one of the major techniques used in many biological and biomedical applications. As an example, on-chip electrophoresis separation utilizes electrokinetic focusing to create a very thin sample stream before dispensing a small plug for separation [1]. Electrokinetic focusing is also applied in cell cytometry and cell sorting to dispense cells one at a time before they... 

The transposition of capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods from conventional capillaries to channels on planar chip substrates is an emergent separation science that has attracted widespread attention from analysts in many fields. Owing to the miniaturization of the separation format, CE-like separations on a chip typically offer shorter analysis times and lower reagent consumption augmented by the potential for portability of analytical instrumentation. Microchip (p-chip) electrophoresis substrates boast optically flat surfaces, short diffusion distances, low Reynolds numbers, and high surface (or interface)-to-volume ratios. By exploiting these physical advantages of the chip over conventional capillaries, efficient p-chip electrophoresis systems can accomplish multiple complicated tasks that may not be realized by a conventional CE system alone. 

One of the most impressive aspects of p,-chip electrophoresis is the diversity of analytes and the breadth of research fields that have been served by this technology. A comprehensive review of applications is not possible here, but instead, we will present a brief summary of interesting examples employing p,-chip electrophoresis for three major classes of analytes DNA, proteins, and cells. 

Covalent derivatization of proteins in this instance dictated the modes of separation and enhanced detection sensitivity. Non-covalent dye-protein interactions can alternatively be exploited to facilitate protein determination by ju-chip electrophoresis with LIF detection, thus offering greater... 

Figure 6.7 Total and reconstructed selected ion electropherograms with mass spectra of model analytes arginine (50 fig ml ) and nicotinic acid (200 fig ml ). Electrolyte 2.5mM ammonium acetate containing 12.5% methanol (v/v). Injection time 10 s. Separation potentials Bl 17.5 kV SI lOkV SO lOkV [43]. Reproduced from Fritzsche, S., Hoffmann, R, Beider, D. (2010) Chip Electrophoresis with Mass Spectrometric Detection in Record Speed. Lab Chip 10 1227-1230 with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry...

Fritzsche, S., Hoffmann, P, Beider, D. (2010) Chip Electrophoresis with Mass Spectrometric Detection in Record Speed. Lab Chip 10 1227-1230. 

---