Electrophoresis capillary array

Shi Y., Simpson P.C., Scherer J.R., Wexler D., Skibola C., Smith, M.T., and Mathies R.A., Radial capillary array electrophoresis microplate and scanner for high-performance nucleic acid analysis, Anal. Chem. 71, 5354, 1999. 

Kheterpal I. and Mathies R. A., Capillary array electrophoresis. DNA sequencing, Anal. Chem. News Features, 71 (1), 31A, 1999. 

In a different approach a super-high-throughput ee-assay was developed on the basis of chirally modified capillary array electrophoresis (CAE).90 CAE was used in the Human Genome Project, and commercially available instruments have been developed which comprise a high number of capillaries in parallel, for example the 96-capillary unit MegaBACE consisting of 6 bundles of 16 capillaries.91 The system can address a 96-well microtiter plate. It was adapted to perform ee-determinations of chiral amines, which are potentially accessible by catalytic reductive amination of ketones, transition metal catalyzed Markovnikov addition of ammonia, or enzymatic hydrolysis of acetamides (Scheme 14).90... 

The Human Genome Project (see Appendix 2, Section A2.3.3) was completed in 2006. One method it used to improve the speed and quality of the sequencing was capillary array electrophoresis (Exhibit 3.12). 

Bromberg, A. and R. A. Mathies. Multichannel homogeneous immunoassay for detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) using a microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis chip. Electrophoresis 25, 1895-1900 (2004). 

Fluorescence/capillary array electrophoresis amines, alcohols, etc. 25... 

The advantage of fluorescence-based assays is their high sensitivity. It is therefore perhaps surprising that few such systems have been developed for evaluating the enantioselectivity of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Fluorescence as a detection method is used in an enzyme-coupled assay [26] (see Section 9.3.4.3) and in the capillary array electrophoresis [25] (see Section 9.3.6.5). If several substrates need to be screened simultaneously, fluorescence-based substrate arrays as enzyme fingerprinting tools can be used, although enantioselectivity still needs to be addressed [26e],... 

Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) with polymer solutions is about 8 to 10 times faster than slab gel electrophoresis. However, the single-lane nature of CE was unable to compete in throughput with slab gel instruments, which are run in parallel. This led to the development of capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) [38] in 1992. As the name suggests, electrophoresis is performed in an array of capillaries to run multiple samples in parallel. Figure 8.20 shows a microfabricated capillary array system [39] on a glass wafer consisting of 96 channels. 

Figure 8.20. Capillary array electrophoresis on a chip mask pattern for the 96-channel radial capillary array electrophoresis microplate. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 39.)...

The microfluidic chip uniquely facilitates high-throughput genetic analysis. For instance, 12 different samples were analyzed in parallel by capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) see Figure 9.20. The two-color method was used for... 

Mathies, R.A., Simpson, P.C., Woolley, A.T., DNA analysis with capillary array electrophoresis microplates. Micro Total Analysis Systems 98, Proceedings pTAS 98 Workshop, Banff, Canada, 13-16 Oct. 1998, 1-6. 

Medintz, I.L., Paegel, B.M., Blazej, R.G., Emrich, C.A., Berti, L., Scherer, J.R., Mathies, R.A., High-performance genetic analysis using microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis microplates. Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 3845-3856. 

Woolley, A.T., Mathies, R.A., Ultra-high-speed DNA fragment separations using microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis chips. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994,91, 11348-11352. 

Medintz I, Wong WW, Sensabaugh G, Mathies RA. High speed single nucleotide polymorphism typing of a hereditary haemochromatosis mutation with capillary array electrophoresis microplates. Electrophoresis 2000 21 2352-2358. 

Medintz I, Wong WW, Berti L, Shiow L, Tom J, Scherer J, et al. High-performance multiplex SNP analysis of three hemochromatosis-related mutations with capillary array electrophoresis microplates. Genome Res 2001 11 413-421. 

In traditional analytical chemistry the determination of enantiomeric purity is sometimes carried out by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in which the electrolyte contains chiral selectors such as cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives [54], Unfortunately the conventional form of this analytical technique allows only a few dozen ee determinations per day. However, as a consequence of the analytical demands arising from the Human Genome Project, CE has been revolutionized in recent years so that efficient techniques for instrumental miniaturization are now available, making ultra-high-through-put analysis of biomolecules possible for the first time [55]. Two different approaches have emerged, namely capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) [55a - e] and CE on microchips (also called CAE on chips) [55f - m[. Both techniques can be used to carry out... 

The two forms of capillary array electrophoresis are emerging as powerful methods for the determination of enantiomeric purity of chiral compounds in a truly high-through-put manner. Various modifications are possible, for example, detection systems based on UV/Vis, MS, or electrical conductivity. Moreover, chiral selectors in the CE electrolyte are not even necessary if the mixture of enantiomers is first converted into diastereo-mers, for example, using chiral fluorescent-active derivatization agents [51,57]. 

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