Children development, early

Bellinger DC, Leviton A, Watemaux C, et al. 1989a. Low-level lead exposure and early development in socioeconomically advantaged urban infants. In Smith M, Grant LD, Sors A, eds. Lead exposure and child development An international assessment. Lancaster, UK Kluwer Academic Publishers. 

Nair, P., Schuler, M.E., Black, M.M., Kettinger, L. and Harrington, D. (2003) Cumulative environmental risk in substance abusing women early intervention, parenting stress, child abuse potential and child development. Child Abuse and Neglect 27, 997-1017. 

If environmental influences can actually alter brain functions and shape behavior, it is not surprising that many people believe a child s early experiences have an effect on whether he or she develops ADHD. In other words, some experts contend that the environment can cause or change ADHD. 

Several studies support this theory. One of them, published in 1995, observed 191 children at 6-month intervals during early and middle childhood. The study found that variables operating at the level of the family (mainly, quality of care giving, parents marital status at the time of the child s birth, emotional support given to the caregivers, and the caregiving style) were good indicators of which children would or would not show ADHD-related problems. The results indicated that the child s early experiences do have an effect on the development of ADHD.16... 

It is becoming more popular in the US for infant formula manufactures to add fish oils to fortify infant formulae with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are critical in early child development because they are necessary for the formation of neural tissues and cells of vascular tissue, but are produced de novo at very low levels from the dietary essential fatty acids Ci8 2, m-3 and Cis 3, co-3. Typically, the long-chain fatty acids, doco-sahexaenoic acid (DHA C22 6) and arachidonic acid (AA C2o 4), were not added to infant formulae available in the US until recently. Many commercial infant formulae manufactures, including Wyeth, Ross and Mead Johnson, now produce infant formulae that are supplemented with DHA and AA. The level of DHA is approximately 0.32%, w/w of fat, and the level of AA is approximately 0.64% w/w of fat. Breast-milk naturally contains small amounts of these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. 

Assays of neonatal meconium for cocaine metabolites along with mothers self-reports were used to evaluate the dose-response relation. There were no significant adverse effects due to cocaine exposure on scores in the major tests up to 24 months of age. Cocaine-exposed infants with the lowest 10th percentile birth weight and those placed with kinship caregivers had less optimal development. Cocaine-exposed infants who participated in child-focused early intervention programs scored higher than the others. 

A child develops chronic diarrhea and liver inflammation in early infancy when the mother begins using formula that includes corn syrup. Evaluation of the child demonstrates sensitivity to fructose in the diet. Which of the following glycosides contains fructose and therefore should be avoided when feeding or treating this infant ... 

Rogan WJ, Gladen RC. Breastfeeding and cognitive development. Early Hum Dev 1993 31, 181-193. Rogers B. Feeding in infancy and later ability and attainment a longitudinal study. Dev Med Child Neurol... 

Because parents and the only child are often grateful for what each has received from the other, a sense of mutual indebtedness can develop early in their family relationship. "It isn t just love that keeps me and my parents so close, it s a sense of duty. I feel like I owe them so much, and they feel the same way about me." In many only child families, there is the feeling of promises to keep and debts to be repaid. 

In several epidemiological studies, the association between low-dose prenatal MeHg exposure and early child development has been assessed using several widely used standardized tests. 

Dziegielewski, S. F., Leon, A. M., Green, C. E. (1998). African American children A culturally sensitive model for group practice. Early Child Development and Care, 147, 83-97. 

Staudinger s historical merits for our knowledge of diazoalkanes, based on his work between 1911 and 1921, became somewhat overshadowed by his later and clearly more fundamental and pioneering ideas about the formation and structure of macromolecules (Nobel Prize 1953). It should be emphasized, however, that his development of the concept of polymerization was, at least in part, based on his observations of the formation of polymethylene in the dediazoniation of diazomethane. Macromolecular chemistry, therefore, appears to be a child of early diazo chemistry ... 

Watts, M. Walsh, A (1997). Affecting primary science a case from the early years. Early Child Development and Care. 129, 51-61. 

This process would be helpful for those pupils with a wide range of barriers to learning. More complex needs could have the additional multi-agency support that comes with a statement or with access to a child development centre for the early/primary years. A suggested way forward for schools would be to ... 

Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A. (1998). Extended early childhood intervention and school achievement Age thirteen findings from the Chicago Longitudinal Study. Child Development, 69, 231-246. 

Wilson, G.S. Desmond, M.M. and Verniaud, W.M. Early development of infants of heroin-addicted mothers. J. His Child 126 457-462,... 

In the early 1960s, drug companies began to lobby for government indemnity for the vaccines they developed, tested, and produced. Because so many people are vaccinated at one time, particularly school-age children, ADRs from a vaccine can carry considerable liability. As more diseases have become vaccine-preventable, more ADRs have been reported. In 1974, impetus for indemnity increased when the courts upheld a jury verdict of 200,000 for a child who developed polio from the Sabin live-polio vaccine. ... 

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