Neonates, human

I. Gauntlett, D. Fisher, R. Hertzka, E. Kuhls, M. Spellman, and C. Rudolph, Pharmacokinetics of fen-tanyl in neonatal humans and lambs Effects of age, Anesthesiology, 69, 683 (1988). 

If 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine is aetivated to a mutagenie intermediate by CYP1A2, this would have relevanee to exposure in utero and in neonates. Human fetal liver does not contain appreciable amounts of CYP1A2 (Leeder and Kearns 1997). Adult levels of CYP1A2 are reached at about 4 months of age and may be exceeded in 1-2-year-old ehildren. CYP1A2 levels subsequently decline and reach adult levels at the end of puberty. 

Wu CY, Demeure C, Kiniwa M, Gately M, Delespesse G. IL-12 induces the production of IFN-gamma by neonatal human CD4 T cells. Journal of Immunology 1993, 151, 1938-1949. 

Both intracellular release and transmembrane flux contribute to the rise in intracellular Ca2+.14,15 The rise in keratinocyte intracellular Ca2+ in response to raised extracellular Ca2+ has two phases (a) an initial peak, not dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and (b) a later phase that requires extracellular Ca2+.14 An early response of human keratinocytes to increases in extracellular Ca2+ is an acute increase in intracellular Ca2+. Stepwise addition of extracellular Ca2+ to neonatal human keratinocytes is followed by a progressive increase in intracellular Ca2+, where the initial spike of increased intracellular Ca2+ is followed by a prolonged plateau of higher intracellular Ca2+.16 The response of intracellular Ca2+ to increased extracellular Ca2+ in keratinocytes is saturated at 2.0 mM extracellular Ca2+.16,17 The response of intracellular Ca2+ to increased extracellular Ca2+ in keratinocytes resembles the response in parathyroid cells, in that a rapid and transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ is followed by a sustained increase in intracellular Ca2+ above basal level. This multiphasic response is attributed to an initial release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores followed by an increased influx of Ca2+ through voltage-independent cation channels. The keratinocyte and parathyroid cell contains a similar cell membrane calcium receptor thought to mediate this response to extracellular Ca2+. This receptor can activate the phospholipase-C pathway, leading to an increase... 

Measure of male feminization measuring the distance between the anus and the base of the penis. Measuring the anogenital distance in neonatal humans has been suggested as a noninvasive method to predict neonatal and adult reproductive disorders. 

As another alternative source of readily available endothelial cells of relative constant composition to create a human BBB model, we also used pooled neonatal human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (Cambrex, HMVEC-d, Cat. CC-2516). Briefly, these cells should be cultured in uncoated flasks in the recommended media by the supplier (EGM-2MV, Cat. CC-2516), for not more than six passages. Then, the cells should be passaged to astrocyte-containing filters just as described for the current model in EGM-2 MV instead of DMEM -l- S. After 5 days of co-culture with rat astrocytes and addition of... 

Biervert C, Schroeder BC, Kubisch C et al 1998 A potassium channel mutation in neonatal human epilepsy. Science 279 403-406... 

Gauntlett IS, Fisher DM, Hertzka RE, et al. Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in neonatal humans and lambs effects of age. Anesthesiology 1988 69 683-687. 

Stahlman MT, Gray ME, Whitsett JA. Expression of thyroid transcription factor-l(TTF-l) in fetal and neonatal human lung. J Histochem Cytochem. 1996 44 673-678. 

Mohammad MA, Sparrow MP (1989) The distribution of heavy-chain isoform., of myosin in airways smooth muscle from adult and neonate humans. Biochem J 260 421426... 

Bikle D, Nemanic M, Whitney J, Elias P (1986) Neonatal human foreskin keratinocytes produce... 

Piglets are comparable in size to neonatal humans and metabolize fatty acids like humans do. Piglets can be raised on a relatively high-fat infant formulas and are an excellent choice for studies of hypoxia, endocrinology, and lipid metabolism. Piglets can be sacrificed and, thus, tissue can be obtained for analysis. 

Pig Comparable size to neonatal humans, lipid biochemistry, organs Learning paradigms, poor model for genetics... 

The possibility that HbF and HbA can coexist in individual erythrocytes of adult and neonatal human blood has also been demonstrated by spectrophotometric and cytochemical methods (Matioli et al., 1962 Zipursky et al., 1962 Shepard et al., 1962). The switch from HbF and HbA thus consists evidently of a change in the direction of work of what is essentially the same single erythropoietic system, and not a complete replacement of one erythropoietic system by another new one, which might be expected from data showing changes in the localization of erythropoiesis in dif-ferentphases of embryonic development (Maximov and Bloom, 1957). 

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