Facial expressions

Norman, D. A. (1992). Turn Signals Are the Facial Expressions of Automobiles. Reading, MA Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 

The nurse can evaluate die patient s or family s understanding of die drug regimen by noting if one or bodi appear to understand die material that has been presented. Facial expression may indicate diat one or bodi do or do not understand what has been explained. The nurse also may ask questions about die information diat has been given to further evaluate die patient s or family s understanding. 

Some patients with parkinsonism communicate poorly and do not tell the primary health care provider or nurse that problems are occurring. The nurse observes the patient with parkinsonism for outward changes that may indicate one or more adverse reactions. For example a sudden change in the facial expression or changes in posture may indicate abdominal pain or discomfort, which may be caused by urinary retention, paralytic ileus, or constipation. Sudden changes in behavior may indicate hallucinations, depression, or other psychotic episodes. 

The adverse reactions associated widi metoclopramide are usually mild. Higher doses or prolonged administration may produce central nervous system (CNS) symptoms, such as drowsiness, dizziness, Parkinson-like symptoms (tremor, mask-like facial expression, muscle rigidity), depression, facial grimacing, motor restlessness, and involuntary movements of die eyes, face, or limbs. Dexpandienol administration may cause itching, difficulty breadiing, and urticaria... 

Children Pain interviews may be conducted with children as young as 3 or 4 years of age however, communication may be limited by vocabulary.34 Terms familiar to children such as hurt, owie, or boo boo may be used to describe pain. The VAS is best used with children older than 7 years of age. Other scales based on numbers of objects (e.g., poker chips), increasing color intensity, or faces of pain may be helpful for children between 4 and 7 years of age. In children younger than 3 to 4 years of age, behavioral or physiologic measures, such as pulse or respiratory rate, may be more appropriate. Pain assessment in newborns and infants relies on behavioral observation for such clues as vocalizations (crying and fussing), facial expressions,... 

In addition, the brainstem contains a diffuse network of neurons known as the reticular formation. This network is best known for its role in cortical alertness, ability to direct attention, and sleep. It is also involved with coordination of orofacial motor activities, in particular those involved with eating and the generation of emotional facial expressions. Other functions include coordination of eating and breathing, blood pressure regulation, and response to pain. 

Rhesus monkeys use facial expressions to communicate with each other and to enforce social order. For example, the fear grimace. ... 

Fridlund (1994) and Russell (1994) offer detailed and important critiques of the notion of universality of facial expressions. However, the inadequacy of experimental methods does not gainsay the likelihood that human expressions evolved from those of our primate ancestors, given their early and stereotypic appearance, apparent mediation by midbrain limbic nuclei (Buck, 1988, pp. 93—98), documentation by observational research in various cultures, and resemblance to those of other species. Certainly, however, Fridlund is correct that these expressions vary markedly with culture and context, to an extent perhaps not covered by Ekman s notion of display rules. 

Davis, R. C. (1934). The specificity of facial expressions. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 10, 42—58. 

Ekman, P. (Ed.) (1973). Darwin and Facial Expression. New York Academic Press. 

Fridlund, A. J. (1994). Human Facial Expression An evolutionary view. New York Academic Press. 

Kahn, E. S., Weisfeld, G. (1993, August). Facial expressions that influence subjects postural erectness. Paper presented at the Human Behavior and Evolution Society convention, Binghamton, New York. 

Russell, J. A. (1991). Confusions about context in the judgment of facial expression A reply to The contempt expression and the relativity thesis. Motivation and Emotion, 15, 177-184. 

Russell, J. A. (1994). Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression Psychological Bulletin, 115, 102-141. 

Steiner, J. E. (1979). Human facial expressions in response to taste and smell stimulation. In H. Reese L. P. Lip-sitt (Eds.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior (pp. 257—293). New York Academic. 

Facial expressions. Reference to the facial expression of the participants, e.g. it were a mess about cos he were smiling, you could tell it was a real fight because he had a right angry face. ... 

More support for age changes comes from Fry (1987), in his observations of play in Zapotec children. He commented that the clear distinction between play and aggression apparent among 3 to 8 year old Zapotec children may blur somewhat for Zapotec 12-16 year olds. At times, horseplay among teenagers appeared on the basis of facial expression to become somewhat serious, but then shifted back to obvious play once again (p. 298). 

Essa, I. Pentland, A. 1995. Facial expression recognition using a dynamic model and motion energy. Int l Conference on Computer Vision, Cambridge, MA, June 20-23, 1995. 

Malatesta, C. A. Izard, C. E. 1984. The facial expression of emotion Young, middle-aged, and other adult expressions. In Emotion in adult developmaent (Ed. by C. Z. Malatesta C. E. Izard), pp. 253—273. Beverly Hills, CA Sage. 

REDUCED PERCEPTION OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS PREDICTS PERSISTENCE OF DEPRESSION... 

Relief of symptoms, such as an improvement of masklike facial expression, muscular rigidity, shuffling gait, and resting tremors of the hands and head... 

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