Chemical tools

Central tendency, 226-227 Chemical genomics, 178 Chemical tools, in target-based drug discovery, 178-179 Chemokine C receptor type 1, 133 Chemokine receptors, 6, 44, 53, 129, 132, 177... 

Tang Herbal, 147 Target-based drug discovery biological targets, 180-184 chemical end point in, 180 chemical tools, 178-179 definition of, 5 description of, 175-177 linear approach, 176 orphan receptors, 180 preclinical process in, 176-177 random variation in gene expression, 178... 

No adequate discussion of even a single major problem associated with the newer chemicals can be offered without neglecting equally important and related problems. Actually, the titles of the papers presented in this symposium reflect the complexity of the situation resulting from the rapid development of sharp chemical tools for combating pests. 

Johnsson N, Johnsson K (2007) Chemical tools for biomolecular imaging. ACS Chem Biol 2 31-38... 

N. V. Bovin and H.-J. Gabius, Polymer immobilized carbohydrate ligands versatile chemical tools for biochemistry and medical science, Chem. Soc. Rev., 24 (1995) 413—421. 

Despite the discovery of ERcx selective SERMs and their subsequent use as chemical tools to evaluate the pharmacological significance of this receptor sub-type, the respective roles that ERcx and ER(3 play in regulating tissue selectivity is not yet clear. As a result, the identification of non-receptor subtype selective SERMs remains of considerable interest. Along these lines, isochroman 26 and... 

The discovery of structurally novel SERMs continues to provide insights into the complexities of ER signaling. Chemical tools have been developed to test clinical hypotheses that SERMs may be used to treat a variety of diseases ranging from... 

In the last twenty years, nitro sugars became powerful chemical tools on account of their usefulness for the construction of carbon-carbon bonds prior to the transformation of the nitro group into a variety of other chemical functionalities. As a result, a diverse range of funcionalized carbohydrates and other derivatives as carbasugars, cyclitols and heterocycles have been prepared. 

If quantum theory is to be used as a chemical tool, on the same kind of basis as, say, n.m.r. or mass spectrometry, one must be able to carry out calculations of high accuracy for quite complex molecules without excessive cost in computation time. Until recently such a goal would have seemed quite unattainable and numerous calculations of dubious value have been published on the basis that nothing better was possible. Our work has shown that this view is too pessimistic semiempirical SCF MO treatments, if properly applied, can already give results of sufficient accuracy to be of chemical value and the possibilities of further improvement seem unlimited. There can therefore be little doubt that we are on the threshold of an era where quantum chemistry will serve as a standard tool in studying the reactions and other properties of molecules, thus bringing nearer the fruition of Dirac s classic statement, that with the development of quantum theory chemistry has become an exercise in applied mathematics. 

A variety of chemical tools have been developed to probe the activity and specificity determinants of NRPS domains (Figure 16). 

As an alternative approach an adenosine-derived mustard was developed as a PRMT inhibitor by a strategy that was based on the mechanism of the enzyme. This compound is an alkylating agent which is covalently attached to a peptide substrate only upon incubation with PRMTl [80]. It is not very druglike and is more of a chemical tool. 

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks. 

Marrot, L., Belaidi, J.P., Chaubo, C., Meunier, J.R., Perez, P. and Agapakis-Causse, C. (2001) Fluoroquinolones as chemical tools to define a strategy for photogenotoxicity in vitro assessment. Toxicology In Vitro An International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA, 15, 131-142. 

Since many toxins act on ion channels, they provide a wealth of chemical tools for studying the function of these channels. In fact, much of our current understanding of the properties of ion channels comes from studies utilizing only a small percentage of the highly potent and selective toxins that are now available. The toxins typically target voltage-sensitive ion channels, but a number of very useful toxins block ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors. Table 21-1 lists some of the toxins most commonly used in research, their mode of action, and their source. 

Developing a system capable of collecting multivariate SAR data and exploiting the data to produce predictive SAR models is a major systems integration task. However, recent advances in computers, operating systems, and computational chemical tools now enables the implementation of a system that can track compounds, store chemical property data in a comprehensive relational database, and operate on virtual libraries in an iterative fashion to develop SAR models and refine chemical properties [28]. 

The importance of applying chemical tools to biological problems, described by an eminent practitioner. 

Ageliferins may provide useful chemical tools for the study of the molecular mechanisms of actin-myosin contractile systems, since they... 

In this section examples will be given of what can presently be done using the MR-CI method. There axe several reasons for bringing this subject up at this early stage in a chapter about the Cl method. First of all the idea is to show what kind of effects can be expected from dynamical correlation of the electronic motion. The MR-CI method is the most accurate quantum chemical tool that exists but it is also one of the most expensive tools. There is no reason to always go to this level of approximation in the calculations. A knowledge of the size of the correlation effects is therefore important to have in order to make the decision whether a Cl calculation is necessary or not. It is possible that this degree of accuracy is not needed for the particular problem in question. Or worse, the demand of accuracy is much greater than what can presently be achieved by any quantum chemical method. 

Nevertheless, chlorine dioxide does have a valuable role to play. It is a useful chemical tool for solving particular, tough, combined biocidal and oxidation problems. 

Given that the basic biocide chemical tools available today are, in reality, little different from those available 15 to 20 years ago, but the operational demands are much higher, it follows that, in order to provide an effective biocide program for any particular cooling system, considerable innovation or originality of thought is often required on the part of the service engineer. 

In reality, however, water treatment companies sell services, such as technology transfer, problem solving management, and applications specialization. These services, when used with chemical tools, provide a range of benefits, including operational efficiencies and added value to customers product. 

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