Toxins using

Song X., Swanson B.I., Direct, ultrasensitive, and selective optical detection of protein toxins using multivalent interactions, Anal. Chem. 1999 71 2097-2107. 

Rowe-Taitt C.A., Cras J.J., Patterson C.H., Golden J.P., Ligler F.S., A ganglioside-based assay for cholera toxin using an array biosensor, Anal. Biochem. 2000a 281 123-133. 

S. Viswanathan, L.-C. Wu, M.-R. Huang, and J.-A.A. Ho, Electrochemical immunosensor for cholera toxin using liposomes and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-coated carbon nanotubes. Anal. Chem. 78, 1115-1121 (2006). 

To Load - Remove the needle s protection cap and squeeze the tube flat. Place the tip of the needle into the container of toxin and release pressure from the tube. The toxin will be drawn into the tube by vacuum. Leave a little airspace in the tube for possible expansion of the liquid. The toxin used should be a thin liquid such as nicotine or a solution of a powdered poison in the appropriate solvent. Avoid alcohol, if possible, since this will probably sting quite a bit upon injection. 

Tregoning, J.S., Clare, S., Bowe, E, Edwards, L., Fairweather, N., Qazi, O., Nixon, PJ., Maliga, G., Dougan, G., Hussell, T. (2005). Protection against tetanus toxin using a plant-based vaccine. Eur. J. Immunol. 35 1320-1326. 

Table 21-1 Some Toxins Used to Characterize Ion Channels. ...

Table I documents a brief chronology of important therapeutic advances since the end of the 18th century. We should keep in mind that there could exist a parallel listing for the development of toxins used in warfare and agriculture.

Why do our cells obligingly provide both initial receptors and means of uptake for these dangerous toxic proteins Some ADP-ribosylation reactions are a natural part of cell function and some hormones, for example thyrotropin, seem to stimulate their activity. It may be that the toxins use mechanisms designed to respond to normal hormonal stimulation. 

Some bacterial toxins use NAD+ as a true substrate rather than as a coenzyme. The toxins catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose to an acceptor protein. Exam ine the structure of NAD+ and indicate which portion of the molecule is transferred to the protein. What is the other product of the reaction ... 

To make effective immunotoxin conjugates using the following cross-linkers, it is necessary to cross-link intact A—B toxins to antibodies, not single-chain or A-chain toxins. Using intact two-subunit toxins allows the A chain to break free of the complex... 

Eleopra R, Tugnoli V, Quatrale R, Rossetto O, Montecucco C et al. (2006) Clinical use of non-A botulinum toxins botulinum toxin type C and botulinum toxin type F. Neurotox Res 9 127-31 Evans ER, Sutton JM, Gravett A, Shone CC (2005) Analysis of the substrate recognition domain determinants of botulinum type B toxin using phage display. Toxicon 46 446-53... 

Anne responds, I am certainly very concerned about pesticide use, but we can t ban those either, because everyone is used to them now and are familiar with the risks. Again, it just won t fly politically. Besides I don t think the Bt toxin used in GE crops has been adequately tested. ... 

Endotoxin was initially described in the 19th century, but became the subject of intensive investigation since the 1920s. The clinical syndrome of Gram-negative bacterial sepsis was not described until the early 1950s (Waisbren, 1951). The focus on endotoxin as a critical initiator of sepsis occurred in large part because of a serendipitous confluence of events an attempt to understand the mechanism of action of endotoxin as a component of Coley s toxin used to treat cancer and the... 

This compound is the toxin used by the orb weaver spider to paralyse its prey ... 

The use of a titanium dioxide photocatalyst for the removal of microcystin-LR in water has been demonstrated by Robertson et al. [163]. They reported a rapid photocatalytic degradation of this toxin using a Degussa P25 photocatalyst. In a subsequent study [68] a primary kinetic isotope effect of approximately 3 was observed when the destruction was performed in a heavy water solvent. Hydroxylated compounds were observed as products of the destruction process, while no destruction was observed when the process was investigated under a nitrogen atmosphere. 

Puente, PE, Saez, M.IE, Hamilton, B., Lehane, M., Ramstad, H., Furey, A., and James, K.I 2004b. Rapid determination of polyether marine toxins using liquid chromatography-multiple tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1056, 77-82. 

Lippolis, V., Pascale, M., Maragos, C.M., Visconti, A. (2008). Improvement of detection sensitivity of T-2 and HT-2 toxins using different fluorescent labeling reagents by high-performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 74 1476-83. 

---