Biological Problems

Siebert F Infrared spectroscopy applied to biochemical and biological problems Methods. Enzymol. 246... 

Interactions between hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor groups in different molecules play a pivotal role in many chemical and biological problems. Hydrogen bonds can be studied with quantum chemical calculations and empirical methods. 

The porosity and permeability of CP are the most important factors determining their ability to sorb and immobilize BAS. For solving these problems, it was necessary to synthesize various types of porous and permeable CP differing in the mobility of elements of the crosslinked structure and in the rigidity of the polymer backbone. For biological problems related to the application of CP as biosorbents, it has been found necessary to use CP with a marked structural inhomogeneity. 

The immobilization of enzymes with the formation of insoluble forms is usually intended for the development of specific catalysts for technical purposes. Here, we consider another medico-biological problem of the preparation of insoluble enzymatic systems based on crosslinked polyelectrolytes, used in the replacement therapy for oral administration. 

Two hundred years were required before the molecular structure of the double layer could be included in electrochemical models. The time spent to include the surface structure or the structure of three-dimensional electrodes at a molecular level should be shortened in order to transform electrochemistry into a more predictive science that is able to solve the important technological or biological problems we have, such as the storage and transformation of energy and the operation of the nervous system, that in a large part can be addressed by our work as electrochemists. 

Radiopharmaceuticals have one of two general functions (1) they may be used to detect or image biological problems such as tumors and (2) they may be used to treat an illness. Which type of radiation (a, p, or y) would be the most suitable for (a) detection and (b) therapy Justify your selections, (c) From standard literature sources, find at least two radionuclides that have been used for imaging body tissues, (d) What are the half-lives of these radionuclides ... 

Edgington, SM, Biotech s New Nanotools, Developing Nanoscale Approaches to Biological Problems Is Now Within the Reach of Every Lab, Bio/Technology 12, 468, 1994. 

Understanding the acidity and/or basicity of acids and bases in macrocyclic systems has an important connection to biological problems. It should help us to understand enzymes. In many proteins, drastically varying pKa values have been found for functional groups in the active site for example, the... 

The organic chemical industry, the food processing industry, the pulp and paper industry, the textile industry, and the petroleum industry are important industries that produce organic process wastes. Unlike inorganic process wastes, they contain dissolved and insoluble matter in the main wastewater stream thus, they are more difficult to handle for disposal. They have its characteristic biological problems and spontaneous interaction with the surrounding environment, particularly, under high solar radiation. 

In recent years, density-functional theory has emerged as the computational quantum chemistry method of choice for biological problems of medium size range (up to a few hundreds of atoms) in applications that do not require extensive conformational sampling. The field continues to advance in the accuracy of new functionals, the improvement of algorithms and the functionality and computational performance of software [81]. 

Scientists are pragmatists, so an ES that provides advice on chemical or biological problems will be of much greater value than one that can balance the merits of Florida against those of the Costa del Sol. Expert systems address real-world problems in a well-defined, generally narrow task domain this defines the field in which the system has knowledge of value. Typical task domains include ... 

The development of vaccines is one of the most successful practical applications in immunology and in this field it is currently fashionable to make the reductionist claim that it will soon be possible to design effective synthetic vaccines on the basis of our knowledge of the molecules involved in immunological interactions. It seems to me that this claim arises from an unwarranted faith in the power of a reductionist approach for solving complex biological problems. Such a claim does not take into account that the protection against disease that can be achieved by vaccination is a... 

The biological problem is that the pathways and mechanisms of the association between income inequality and mortality levels are still unknown. These questions are, nevertheless, fundamentally biological, as they must address how social influences can somehow enter into or embed themselves in the functioning body. 

Lander and Schork added that this article synthesizes the current state of the genetic dissection of complex traits - describing the methods, limitations and recent applications to biological problems . 

Applying Semi-Empirical Models to Biological Problems... 

As we will see further in the book, almost all methods for calculating free energies in chemical and biological problems by means of computer simulations of equilibrium systems rely on one of the three approaches that we have just outlined, or on their possible combination. These methods can be applied not only in the context of the canonical ensemble, but also in other ensembles. As will be discussed in Chap. 5, AA can be also estimated from nonequilibrium simulations, to such extent that FEP and TI methods can be considered as limiting cases of this approach. 

To illustrate these methods, we consider the main biological problems that have motivated their development. The problems that have received the most attention are the receptor-ligand binding problem [12-16] and the calculation of proton binding affinities (pKa shifts) [17-20], The methods described can also be applied to many related problems, such as redox protein behavior, protein-protein association, protein folding, or membrane insertion. 

FRET-FLIM has been applied to numerous biological problems, centering on protein-protein interactions, protein conformation, posttranslational modifications, and activation state of enzymes, with lipid microdomains. Each of these applications takes advantage... 

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