Chemical Industry Characteristics

The industry case matches the chemical industry characteristics in the scope defined in subchapter 3.1 specifically... 

Sasol produces synthetic fuels and chemicals from coal-derived synthesis gas. Two significant variations of this technology have been commercialized, and new process variations are continually under development. Sasol One used both the fixed-bed (Arge) process, operated at about 240°C, as weU as a circulating fluidized-bed (Synthol) system operating at 340°C. Each ET reactor type has a characteristic product distribution that includes coproducts isolated for use in the chemical industry. Paraffin wax is one of the principal coproducts of the low temperature Arge process. Alcohols, ketones, and lower paraffins are among the valuable coproducts obtained from the Synthol process. 

Because of its low permeabiUty, FEP polymer is used extensively in the chemical industry. Its permeation characteristics are similar to those of PTFE (Table 4). An inverse relationship between permeabiUty and film thickness appHes to FEP. 

A number of analytical methods have been developed for the determination of chlorotoluene mixtures by gas chromatography. These are used for determinations in environments such as air near industry (62) and soil (63). Liquid crystal stationary columns are more effective in separating m- and chlorotoluene than conventional columns (64). Prepacked columns are commercially available. ZeoHtes have been examined extensively as a means to separate chlorotoluene mixtures (see Molecularsieves). For example, a Y-type 2eohte containing sodium and copper has been used to separate y -chlorotoluene from its isomers by selective absorption (65). The presence of ben2ylic impurities in chlorotoluenes is determined by standard methods for hydroly2able chlorine. Proton (66) and carbon-13 chemical shifts, characteristic in absorption bands, and principal mass spectral peaks are available along with sources of reference spectra (67). 

High-Pressure Compressors There is a definite trend in the chemical industry toward the use of high-pressure compressors with discharge pressures of from 34.5 to 172 MPa (5000 to 25,000 IbFin ) and wim capacities from 8.5 X 10 to 42.5 X 10 mVh (5000 to 25,000 ftVmin). These require special design, and a complete knowledge of the characteristics of the gas is necessary. In most cases, these types of applications use the barrel-type centrifugal compressor. 

The installed capit investment is about 375 per pallet for a 5000-paUet system. A characteristic of drive-in, drive-through, and flow racks is that, at any one point in time, only one product can occupy a given storage lane. Products are not mixed because of the complications that this practice presents in inventoiy management. In any event, there is seldom any need to mix products in the chemical industry because products are made in lots, blends, etc., and a storage lane is ordinarily designed to accommodate either a complete lot or some fraction of a lot. The result is that the total storage space available rarely is completely used. This is a problem that aisle racks... 

Volume 6 Industrial Chemicals. Their Characteristics and Development (by G. Agam)... 

The objective of this chapter is to provide a basis for some understanding of chemistry and the chemical industry. Segments and characteristics of the industry together with important events in chemical history are briefly presented. The language of chemistry is introduced and important chemical terms are defined. 

The trickle-bed reactor (TBR) and slurry reactor (SR) are the most commonly used for multiphase reactions in the chemical industries. A new reactor type, the monolithic reactor (MR), offers many advantages. Therefore, these three types of reactors are discussed below in more detail. Their general characteristics are given in Table 5.4-44. With respect to slurry reactors, the focus will be on mechanically agitated slurry reactors (MASR) because these are more widely used in fine chemicals manufacture than column slurry reactors. 

The book starts with general information on fine chemicals and characteristic features of their manufacture. Tools that are used in working out new industrial processes and optimization of existing plants and processes are presented in subsequent chapters. Finally, the target of all laboratory, pilot and design activities, namely a modern production plant, is described. 

Petrochemical recovered oil. Organic chemical manufacturing facilities sometimes recover oil from their organic chemical industry operations. U.S. EPA excluded petrochemical recovered oil from the definition of solid waste when the facility inserts the material into the petroleum-refining process of an associated or adjacent petroleum refinery. Only petrochemical recovered oil that is hazardous because it exhibits the characteristic of ignitability or exhibits the toxicity characteristic for benzene (or both) is eligible for the exclusion. 

The organic chemical industry, the food processing industry, the pulp and paper industry, the textile industry, and the petroleum industry are important industries that produce organic process wastes. Unlike inorganic process wastes, they contain dissolved and insoluble matter in the main wastewater stream thus, they are more difficult to handle for disposal. They have its characteristic biological problems and spontaneous interaction with the surrounding environment, particularly, under high solar radiation. 

In the remainder, the focus will be on the special characteristics of chemical industry supply chains in contrast to manufacturing (discrete) supply chains. 

Although the mesoporous materials, such as Ti-MCM-41, have lower intrinsic epoxidation selectivity than TS-1 and Ti-beta, they must nevertheless be used as catalysts for reactions of large molecules typical in the fine chemicals industry. It is, therefore, interesting to elucidate how these ordered mesoporous materials compare with the earlier generation of amorphous titania-silica catalysts. Guidotti et al (189) recently compared Ti-MCM-41 with a series of amorphous titania-silica catalysts for the epoxidation of six terpene molecules of interest in the perfumery industry (Scheme 6). Anhydrous TBHP was used as the oxidant because the catalytic materials are unstable in water. The physical characteristics of these catalysts are compared in Table XII. 

The most destructive incidents in the petroleum and related industries are usually initiated by an explosive blast that can damage and destroy unprotected facilities. These blasts have been commonly equated with the force of a TNT explosion and are quite literally a "bomb". The protection of hydrocarbon and chemical industries is in rather a unique discipline by itself, which requires specialized techniques of mitigation and protection in a systems based approach. The first step in this approach is to understand the characteristics of hydrocarbon releases, fires and explosions. 

Developed frameworks are applied to the specific industry problem to monthly plan a global chemical commodity value chain by volumes and values. Sub-objectives are to elaborate characteristics and planning requirements for a global commodity value chain in the chemical industry and to develop, implement and evaluate the respective model. Research question 2 is directed to a real industry case study demonstrating the real existence of formulated requirements, showing the applicability of the developed model in reality and evaluating the model using industry data. 

A. Terminological-descriptive Value Chain Management Chemical Industry and Value Chain Characteristics Define the research field and basic terms Use of descriptive studies to narrow problem area investigated within research field Definition of types and relevant dimensions in the scope... 

The chemical industry is the application field for the study and the development of a global value chain planning model. General characteristics of the chemical industry as application field are described in this chapter. Particularities of chemical commodities are described in more detail being relevant for the considered case. 

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