Chemical 1,2-dichloroethane

EPA pesticide chemical Dichloroethane EPA pesticide chemical EPA pesticide chemical EPA pesticide chemical EPA pesticide chemical EPA pesticide chemical EPA pesticide chemical EPA pesticide chemical EPA pesticide chemical EPA pesticide chemical pentanone... 

BrCHi CHjBr. A colourless liquid with a sweet odour, m.p. 10°C, b.p. 132°C. Manufactured by passing ethene through bromine or bromine and water at about 20 C. Chemical properties similar to those of 1,2-dichloroethane when heated with alkali hydroxides, vinyl bromide is formed. Used extensively in petrols to combine with the lead formed by the decomposition of lead tetraethyl, as a fumigant for stored products and as a nematocide. 

Figure 7.13 reprinted with permission from Jorgensen W L, R C Binning Jr and B Bigot. Structures md Properties of Organic Liquids u-Butane and 1,2-Dichloroethane and Their Conformational Equilibria. The Journal of the American Chemical Society 103 4393-4399. 1981 American Chemical Society. 

The physical basis for peak splitting mil dichloroethane can be explained with the aid of Figure 13 13 which examines how the chemical shift of the methyl protons IS affected by the spin of the methme proton There are two magnetic environments for... 

Chlorination of various hydrocarbon feedstocks produces many usehil chlorinated solvents, intermediates, and chemical products. The chlorinated derivatives provide a primary method of upgrading the value of industrial chlorine. The principal chlorinated hydrocarbons produced industrially include chloromethane (methyl chloride), dichloromethane (methylene chloride), trichloromethane (chloroform), tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride), chloroethene (vinyl chloride monomer, VCM), 1,1-dichloroethene (vinylidene chloride), 1,1,2-trichloroethene (trichloroethylene), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene (perchloroethylene), mono- and dichloroben2enes, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride [540-59-0], EDC). 

Typical reactions using either 1,2-dichloroethane or 1,2-dichloropropane to produce carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene by the chlorinolysis reaction are shown in equations 21—23. Continued removal of tetrachloroethylene and recycling of carbon tetrachloride can result in a net zero production of carbon tetrachloride. Most chemical producers using chlorinolysis for the production of perchloroethylene in the future will take advantage of the per/tet equiUbrium to maximize perchloroethylene to avoid carbon tetrachloride ipiod.uction.From 1,2-dichloroethane ... 

The first large-scale commercial oxychlorination process for vinyl chloride was put on-stream in 1958 by The Dow Chemical Company. This plant, employing a fixed-tube reactor containing a catalyst of cupric chloride on an active carrier, produced 1,2-dichloroethane from ethylene. The high temperatures involved in the reaction were moderated by a suitable diluent. The average heat output from the reaction is 116 kJ/mol (50,000 Btu/lb mol). 

The principal U.S. producers of 1,1,1-trichloroethane include The Dow Chemical Company, PPG Industries Inc., and Vulcan Materials Co. Several European and Japanese companies also produce large amounts aimually. Over 70% of the production is based on the vinyl chloride-1,1-dichloroethane process, 20% on the 1,1-dichloroethylene process, and about 10% on the direct chlorination of ethane. 

The 1,2-dichloroethane available from Aldrich Chemical Company was distilled from phosphorus pentoxide before use. Although less effective, dichloromethane may also be used in the carbometallation step. 

The principal PIC for penta and penta-treated wood would include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), dioxins and furans, as well as SOj, COj, NO, and HCl. Penta would be expected to have undergone a very high destruction efficiency (DRE) during the fire (> 99.99%). Among the VOC emissions, the following chemicals likely contributed to air pollution problems benzene, bromobenzene, chloromethane, 1,3-butadiene, iodomethane, acetone, chloroform, and 1,2-dichloroethane. 

Dichloroethane zero 0.005 Increased risk of cancer Discharge from industrial chemical factories... 

FIGURE 13.13 The magnetic moments (blue arrows) of the two possible spin states of the methine proton affect the chemical shift of the methyl protons in 1,1-dichloroethane. When the magnetic moment is parallel to the external field if.o (green arrow), it adds to the external field and a smaller 3 0 is needed for resonance. When it is antiparallel to the external field, it subtracts from it and shields the methyl protons. 

The most characteristic chemical reaction of an alkene is an addition reaction, in which atoms supplied by the reactant form o-bonds to the two atoms originally joined by the double bond (Fig. 18.9). In the process, the 7r-bond is lost. An example is halogenation, the addition of two halogen atoms at a double bond, as in the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane ... 

The results of low-temperature matrix-isolation studies with 6 [41a] are quite consistent with the photochemical formation of cyclo-Cif, via 1,2-diketene intermediates [59] and subsequent loss of six CO molecules. When 6 was irradiated at A > 338 nm in a glass of 1,2-dichloroethane at 15 K, the strong cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione C=0 band at 1792 cm in the FT-IR spectrum disappeared quickly and a strong new band at 2115 cm appeared, which was assigned to 1,2-diketene substructures. Irradiation at A > 280 nm led to a gradual decrease in the intensity of the ketene absorption at 2115 cm and to the appearance of a weak new band at 2138 cm which was assigned to the CO molecules extruded photo-chemically from the 1,2-diketene intermediates. Attempts to isolate cyclo-Cig preparatively by flash vacuum pyrolysis of 6 or low-temperature photolysis of 6 in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran in NMR tubes at liquid-nitrogen temperature have not been successful. 

Heterogeneous electron reactions at liquid liquid interfaces occur in many chemical and biological systems. The interfaces between two immiscible solutions in water-nitrobenzene and water 1,2-dichloroethane are broadly used for modeling studies of kinetics of electron transfer between redox couples present in both media. The basic scheme of such a reaction is... 

Based on these preliminary findings, related couplings to pyruvates and iminoacetates were explored as a means of accessing a-hydroxy acids and a-amino acids, respectively. It was found that hydrogenation of 1,3-enynes in the presence of pyruvates using chirally modified cationic rhodium catalysts delivers optically enriched a-hydroxy esters [102]. However, chemical yields were found to improve upon aging of the solvent 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), which led to the hypothesis that adventitious HC1 may promote re-... 

SUMICHIRAL OA-25001 is available from Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. The eluent was hexane/1,2-dichloroethane/ethanol, 200 40 1, with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, and detection by 254 nm light. The tR of the (R)-isomer (16.8 min) is shorter than that of the (S)-isomer (18.3 min). The checkers used a CHIRACEL OC column supplied by Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., with 10% isopropyl alcohol/heptane as the mobile phase. 

An improved synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-2,l-benzothiazine 2,2-dioxide was reported by Togo and co-workers using photochemical conditions . Treatment of A-alkyl 2-(aryl)ethanesulfonamides 18 with (diacetoxyiodo)arenes under irradiation with a tungsten lamp at 20-30 °C afforded 2,1-benzothiazines 19 and 20. Chemical yields and selectivities were dependent upon the choice of solvents and the reactant s substituents 18 (Table 1). When THF and EtOH were used as solvents, the reactions failed to give the cyclized products, since their a-hydrogen was abstracted by the intermediate sulfonamidyl radical. Compound 20 was obtained as a major product when 1,2-dichloroethane was employed as a solvent. In contrast, in the case of EtOAc as solvent, compound 19 was obtained as the major product. 

This voluntary risk assessment programme started in 1995 and concerned a list of 25 chemicals dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrachloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, vinyl chloride, trichloroethene, tetra-chloroethene, hexachlorobutadiene, monochlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, tetrachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, hexachloro-cyclohexane, dioxins, PCB, DDT, and elemental mercury. 

As can be deduced from Figure 26, [Co4(CO)i2] exhibits in dichloroethane solution a one-electron reduction (E° = — 0.30 V vs. SCE) with features of chemical reversibility on the cyclic voltammetric time scale, as well as a multielectron irreversible oxidation. Nevertheless,... 

The ultraviolet (UV) rearrangement of polyarylesters and their related model compounds have been previously studied (20,21). The chemical changes which occur during the UV irradiation of styrylpyridine based ester and carbonate were investigated. The UV spectra of the p-VPPB and p,p -BVPDPC in 1,2-dichloroethane were monitored during the irradiation (Fig. 3 and 4). The maximum absorption for unirradiated p-VPPB was at 319 nm. After UV irradiation, the maximum peak shifted from 319 nm to 350 nm and the observed increased absorption in the... 

Following the early studies on the pure interface, chemical and electrochemical processes at the interface between two immiscible liquids have been studied using the molecular dynamics method. The most important processes for electrochemical research involve charge transfer reactions. Molecular dynamics computer simulations have been used to study the rate and the mechanism of ion transfer across the water/1,2-dichloroethane interface and of ion transfer across a simple model of a liquid/liquid interface, where a direct comparison of the rate with the prediction of simple diffusion models has been made. ° ° Charge transfer of several types has also been studied, including the calculations of free energy curves for electron transfer reactions at a model liquid/liquid... 

More ways are not possible because of limitations on the number of bonds each type of atom can carry (carbon has a limit of four, hydrogen and chlorine have a limit of one each). But the important lesson here is that the two molecules shown (1,1-dichloroethane and 1,2-dichloroethane) are different chemicals. They have identical numbers of C, H, and Cl atoms ( isomer means same weight ) but different chemical structures. 

An index is included at the end of the book which lists potential sources or origins for the contaminant of concern of interest. The index also includes compounds for which degradation products are known, e.g., the presence of 1,1-dichloroethane at a site may be indicative of a release containing 1,1,1-trichloroethane (where 1,1-dichloroethane is present as an impnrity) or it may be a degradation product of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Therefore, under the 1,1-dichloroethane entry, the reader is directed to the chemical profile 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Moreover, the index inclndes compounds which occur as additives to various products, e.g., acrolein nsually contains hydroqninone to prevent polymerization. Many commercial prodncts released into the enviromnent may contain other compounds present as impurities, e.g., 1,4-dioxane may contain the impurities acetic acid, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, and bis(2-chloroethyl) ether. 

Chemical/Physical. A glass bulb containing air and 1,1-dichloroethane degraded outdoors to carbon dioxide and HCl. The half-life for this reaction was 17 wk (Pearson and McConnell, 1975). Hydrolysis of 1,1-dichloroethane under alkaline conditions yielded vinyl chloride, acetaldehyde, and HCl (Kollig, 1993). The reported hydrolysis half-life at 25 °C and pH 7 is 61.3 yr (Jeffers et al., 1989). 

Synonyms AI3-01656 1,2-Bichloroethane Borer sol BRN 605264 Brocide Caswell No. 440 CCRIS 225 1,2-DCA 1,2-DCE Destruxol borersol Dichloremulsion 1,2-Dichlorethane Dichlormulsion a,p-Dichloroethane sjm-Dichloroethane Dichloroethylene Dutch liquid Dutch oil EDC EINECS 203-458-1 ENT 1656 EPA pesticide chemical code 042003 Ethane dichloride Ethene dichloride Ethylene chloride Ethylene dichloride 1,2-Ethylene dichloride Freon 150 Glycol dichloride HCC 150 NC1-C00511 RCRA waste number U077 UN 1184. 

Chemical/Physical. Anticipated products from the reaction of 1,2-dichloroethane with ozone or OH radicals in the atmosphere are chloroacetaldehyde, chloroacetyl chloride, formaldehyde, and CIHCHO (Cupitt, 1980). 

Source Pentachlorobenzene may enter the environment from leaking dielectric fluids containing this compound. Pentachlorobenzene may be present as an undesirable by-product in the chemical manufacture of hexachlorobenzene, pentachloronitrobenzene, tetrachloroenzenes, tetrachloroeth-ylene, trichloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloroethane (U.S. EPA, 1980). 

Synonyms Acetosal Acetosol Acetylene tetrachloride AI3-04597 Bonoform BRN 0969206 Caswell No. 826 CCRIS 578 Cellon l,l-Dichloro-2,2-dichloroethane EPA pesticide chemical code 078601 Ethane tetrachloride NCI-C03554 NSC 60912 RCRA waste number U209 TCE Tetrachlorethane Tetrachloroethane 5j/n-Tetrachloroethane UN 1702 Westron. 

This transmission of polarity through the a bonds is termed an inductive effect. It is relatively short range, decreasing rapidly as the original dipole is located further away. It becomes unimportant after about the third carbon atom. However, the effects will increase with the number of polar groups, so we see increasing polarization effects with 1,1-dichloroethane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. We shall often need to consider inductive effects when attempting to predict chemical reactivity. 

Among the chemicals which have been shown to be mutagens in Salmonella (as well as other short-term tests) that have recently been shown to be carcinogens are 1,2-dichloroethane (10 x 109 Ibs/year, U.S.), tris-dibromopropyl phosphate (the flame retardant used in children s polyester sleepwear), sulfallate (a pesticide), o-phenylene-diamine, 2,4-diaminoanisole (hair dye ingredient), 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine (hair dye ingredient), and 4-amino-2-nitro-phenol (hair dye ingredient). 

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