Glass bulb

Other Uses. Photochromic glass contains silver chloride (80) and silver molybdate [13765-74-7] (81) (see Chromogenic materials). An apparatus coated with silver nitrate has been described for the detection of rain or snow (82). Treatment with silver-thiosulfate complex has been reported as dramatically increasing the post-harvest life of cut carnations (83). Silver sulfate has been used in the electrolytic coloring of aluminum (84). Silver sulfate also imparts a yellowish red color to glass bulbs (85). 

I. A Victor Meyer Apparatus as shown in Fig. 27. It consists of an elongated glass bulb with a narrow stem, and a capillaiy side-tube. It is provided with a wellfitting rubber cork, which can be pressed easily and tightly into the open end... 

The Ramsbottom test (ASTM D-524) is also used to measure carbon residue. The test calls for introducing 4 grams of sample into a preweighed glass bulb, then inserting the bulb in a heated bath for 20 minutes. The bath temperature is maintained at 1,027°F (553°C). Af 20 minutes, the sample bulb is cooled and reweighed. Compared with the Conradson test, Ramsbottom is more precise and reproducible. 

To determine the equilibrium constant of foe system, identical one-liter glass bulbs are filled with 3.20 g of HI and maintained at a certain temperature. Each bulb is periodically opened and analyzed for iodine formation by titration with sodium thiosulfate, Na O ... 

Now let s consider a process a bit closer to chemistry (Figure 17.2, p. 453). Two different gases, let us say H2 and N2, are originally contained in different glass bulbs, separated by a stopcock. When the stopcock is opened, the two different kinds of molecules distribute themselves evenly between the two bulbs. Eventually, half of the H2 molecules will end up in... 

M), and inserting a silver-silver chloride electrode. Provided that the internal hydrochloric acid solution is maintained at constant concentration, the potential of the silver-silver chloride electrode inserted into it will be constant, and so too will the potential between the hydrochloric acid solution and the inner surface of the glass bulb. Hence the only potential which can vary is that existing between the outer surface of the glass bulb and the test solution in which it is immersed, and so the overall potential of the electrode is governed by the hydrogen ion concentration of the test solution. 

Glass electrodes are now available as combination electrodes which contain the indicator electrode (a thin glass bulb) and a reference electrode (silver-silver chloride) combined in a single unit as depicted in Fig. 15.2(h). The thin glass bulb A and the narrow tube B to which it is attached are filled with hydrochloric acid and carry a silver-silver chloride electrode C. The wide tube D is fused to the lower end of tube B and contains saturated potassium chloride solution which is also saturated with silver chloride it carries a silver-silver chloride electrode E. The assembly is sealed with an insulating cap. 

The concentration of the solution within the glass bulb is fixed, and hence on the inner side of the bulb an equilibrium condition leading to a constant potential is established. On the outside of the bulb, the potential developed will be dependent upon the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution in which the bulb is immersed. Within the layer of dry glass which exists between the inner and outer hydrated layers, the conductivity is due to the interstitial migration of sodium ions within the silicate lattice. For a detailed account of the theory of the glass electrode a textbook of electrochemistry should be consulted. 

As indicator electrodes glass and antimony electrodes are commonly used, but it must be noted that in benzene-methanol solutions, a glass-antimony electrode pair may be used in which the glass electrode functions as reference electrode. Glass electrodes should not be maintained in non-aqueous solvents for long periods, as the hydration layer of the glass bulb may be impaired and the electrode will then cease to function satisfactorily. 

Oleum. Fuming sulfuric acid a soln of sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid used as a sulfating and sulfonating agent. See under Acidity in Acids in Vol 1, A88-R to A90-R Acids Used in Manufacture and Analysis of Explosives in Vol 1, A93-L to A93-R and under Nitration in this Vol For analytical procedures, see under Glass Bulbs for Weighing Acids in Vol 6, G78-R to G79-R... 

A student attaches a glass bulb containing neon gas to an open-tube manometer (refer to Fig. 4.5) and calculates the pressure of the gas to be 0.890 atm. (a) If the atmospheric pressure is 762 Torr, what height difference between the two sides of the mercury in the manometer did the student find ... 

A glass electrode, a thin-walled glass bulb containing an electrolyte, is much easier to use than a hydrogen electrode and has a potential that varies linearly with the pH of the solution outside the glass bulb (Fig. 12.11). Often there is a calomel electrode built into the probe that makes contact with the test solution through a miniature salt bridge. A pH meter therefore usually has only one probe, which forms a complete electrochemical cell once it is dipped into a solution. The meter is calibrated with a buffer of known pH, and the measured cell emf is then automatically converted into the pH of the solution, which is displayed. 

NO2 N2 O4 (low temperature) A sample of NO2 sealed inside a glass bulb at 23 °C gave a pressure of 691 torr. Lowering the temperature to -5 °C converted the NO2 to N2 O4. What was the final pressure inside the bulb ... 

Does this common-sense law also apply to events at the molecular level Consider the two glass bulbs shown in Figure 14-1. One bulb contains nitrogen dioxide, a red-brown gas, and the second bulb is empty. When the valve that connects the bulbs is opened, the red-brown gas expands to fill both bulbs. The opposite process never occurs spontaneously. That is, if both bulbs contain NO2 at the same pressure, opening the valve never causes the pressure to rise in one bulb and fall in the other. 

Holders for spherical glass bulbs are mentioned on p. 32. Barr and Anhorn (1949) give many examples of the use of holders of the type of Figure 9, III] in many laboratories, however, they are rarely or never used. 

The simplest form is shown in Figure 79, / T is a thin-walled glass bulb with one side collapsed inwards. The shape alters with pressure difference across the glass, and the pointer P moves. The gauge needs calibration. 

Glass electrode [see Fig 2.10 (1)J. The pH glass electrode, as the most important representative of the glass electrodes, will be the first subject to be treated, and especially in its application to aqueous solutions. Attached to the stem of high-resistance glass, the electrode proper consists of a pH-sensitive glass bulb that acts as a membrane between an inner reference electrolyte and an outer... 

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