Chemical bronchitis

Chemical bronchitis, 25 479 Chemical bulk analysis, of silicon surface chemistry, 22 373... 

The increased mortality, morbidity and deficits in pulmonary function associated with sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter (SPM) are widely documented. Sulfur dioxide alone can cause severe effects in the form of bronchoconstriction, chemical bronchitis and tracheitis [4]. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the 2 main offenders, emanate from heavy industries especially coal-based. Electrical generating plants, industrial boilers, large smelters and motor vehicles release oxides of nitrogen and sulfur into the atmosphere. Fortunately, the sulfur content of Indian coal is low (0.3-0.5%), and therefore, the resulting sulfur dioxide produced is of concern only in the vicinity of low chimneys [5]. 

A. Acute exposure causes burning of the eyes, nose, and throat lacrimation and cough. Laryngospasm may occur. Wheezing may be seen in normal subjects as well as asthmatics. Chemical bronchitis is not uncommon. With a very high-level exposure, chemical pneumonitis and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema may occur. 

Toxicoiogy LD50 (oral, rat) 670 mg/kg LC50 (inh., rat, 6 h) 4 ppm poison by inh. mod. toxic by ing. ing. unlikely, but would probably cause mouth/throat/digestive tract irritation respiratory irritant by inh. can cause chemical bronchitis, pulmonary edema, serious respiratory system and lung damage, and death may cause skin irritation and burns, eye injury experimental reproductive effector ... 

Toxicology Ing. and airborne exposure unlikely low oral toxicity inh. may cause respiratory and mucous membrane irritation high exposure may cause chemical bronchitis, potentially fatal pulmonary edema may cause severe skin irritation, discoloration, and hardening may cause severe eye irritation and reversible corneal damage... 

Development of chemical bronchitis and fluid in the lungs, which may occur after several hours chemical pneumonia may occur several days later. 

Breathing difficulties, i.e. bronchitis or asthma, arising from sensitization to bacterial contamination or additive chemicals, have been reported. 

Chronic Health Effect A chronic health effect is an adverse health effect resulting from long-term exposure to a substance. The effects could be a skin rash, bronchitis, cancer, or any other medical condition. An example would be liver cancer from inhaling low levels of benzene at your workplace over several years. The term is also applied to a persistent (months, years, or permanent) adverse health effect resulting from a short-term (acute) exposure. Chronic effects from long-term exposure to chemicals are fairly common. Recognize the PEL (permissible exposure level) for each substance in your workplace and minimize your exposure whenever possible. 

Respiratory Effects. One study suggested increased respiratory disorders (asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia) in children with chronic exposure to a solvent-contaminated water supply (Byers et al. 1988). Two municipal wells in eastern Woburn, Massachusetts, were found to contain several solvents including trichloroethylene (267 ppb) and tetrachloroethylene (21 ppb). The increased susceptibility to infection may be secondary to effects on the immune system. Accurate chemical-specific exposure levels for individuals could not be determined because the water distribution system was designed to use water from different wells at different rates and times. Other limitations of this study are described in Section 2.2.2.8. 

Through many hours of consultations with experts in toxicology, medicine and environmental health, Ka ren learned about MCS, and finally realized that even she and her other daughter Mariah, age nine at interview, were reacting to chemicals from fragrances and other sources. It explained to her why Alanna s colds and sore throats so often developed into pneumonia or bronchitis, and why she experienced asthma attacks for no apparent reason. This awakening also prompted her to examine her own history of chemical exposures. 

Excerpt 4E is taken from an article in Chemical Research in Toxicology and involves the toxicity of fine particulate matter, airborne particles with effective diameters <2.5 pm (also known as PM2 5). The fine particulate was collected using a PM2 5 monitor. Ambient air is pulled through the monitor, diverting the larger particles (>2.5 pm) and capturing only the smaller ones onto a filter. Such fine particles arise from a number of sources including industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and forest fires and may lead to asthma, bronchitis, and possibly cancer. 

Another group of compounds, the tetracyclines, are made by fermentation procedures or by chemical modifications of the natural product. The hydrochloride salts are used most commonly for oral administration and are usually encapsulated because of their bitter taste. Controlled catalytic hydrogenolysis of chlortetracycline, a natural product, selectively removes the 7-chloro atom and produces tetracycline. Doxycycline and minocycline are other important antibacterials. Tetracycline can be prescribed for people allergic to penicillin. Doxycycline prevents traveler s diarrhea. Tetracyclines help many infections including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, urinary tract infections, bronchitis, amoebic dysentery, and acne. 

Phosphorus trichloride is highly corrosive. Its vapors are an irritant to mucous membranes. Chronic exposure to its vapors can cause bronchitis. It reacts violently with water and explodes in contact with acetic and nitric acids, and several other substances (Patnaik. P. 1999. A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 2nd. gw York John Wiley Sons). 

Theophilline is also a minor constituent of tea, but is prepared by direct chemical synthesis for medical use. It functions to relax smooth muscle and, therefore, can be used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. Aminophylline is a derivative of theophilline (theophylline ethylenediamine), which is often used in place of theophilline due to its greater aqueous solubility. 

While the human studies deseribe the allergic component of HDI toxieity, most of the animal studies describe the direet irritant effeets of HDI and HDI prepolymers after inhalation. Laboratory animals exposed to HDI via inhalation showed such adverse signs as respiratory irritation, tracheitis, pleural effusion, pulmonary hemorrhage, bronchitis, and bronchopneumonia, mostly at eoncentrations >1 ppm (Dow Chemical 1964 E.I. Dupont de Nemours 1978 Haskell Laboratory 1961 Karol et al. 1984). 

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