Coals Indian

It has been demonstrated that certain coal minerals, particularly iron compounds, catalyze the hydrogenation of coal-derived solvents (15). Mukherjee et al (16) hydrogenated float/ sink fractions of an Indian coal and found that the conversion increased with the amount of mineral matter present in the fraction. 

The 168 ton coal/day demonstration plant was commissioned in 1996 and has since undergone a series of tests in standalone and in IGCC mode, operating for a total of 1200 hours until the year 2000. The plant is designed for the gasification of Indian coals with a high ash content of up to 42%. 

Peter H. Given Whereas Tschamler and Fuks, and Peover studied more or less pure vitrinites, Mazumdar apparently worked with whole coals. Moreover, Indian coals, being from Gondwanaland strata, are most probably of very different petrographic composition compared with European and North American coals (rich in exinites and inert macerals See p. 284). Quite apart from the question whether sulfur dehydrogenation really is free of side reactions, there may well be a spread of data at any level or rank because of petrographic differences. 

Biswas, S., Choudhury, N., Sarkar, P, Mukherjee, A., Sahu, S. G., Boral, P, and Choudhury, A. (2006). Studies on the combustion behaviour of blends of Indian coals by TGA and Drop Tube Furnace. Fuel Processing Technology 87,191-199. 

Elemental Sulfur. In 1942, Chatterjee (44) reported the presence of elemental sulfur in weathered Indian coal but not in fresh samples. He suggested that, during weathering, pyrite is first oxidized to ferrous and ferric sulfates, and that then ferric sulfate oxidizes pyrite to elemental sulfur. The presence of elemental sulfur in U.S. coals was confirmed recently by Richard et al. (45) and White and Lee (46). Duran et al. (47) used extraction and gas chromatographic analysis to determine elemental sulfur in a suite of U.S. coals. They found that elemental sulfur (0.03-0.17%) is present in coal that has been exposed to the atmosphere, but is absent in pristine samples that have been processed and sealed under a nitrogen atmosphere. These data support Chatteijee s discovery that elemental sulfur in coal is a weathering product. 

Venkataswamy, Y. Chandra, D. Chakrabarty, 0. N. "Removal of sulphur from Indian coals by sodiun hydroxide leaching," J. 

C2H2 and bituminous coal 14-24% C2H22S0 Indian coals which contained more ash than British or American coals gave the same yields25 The high mineral-matter content of coals increased the energy required per unit of acetylene produced. 

In the SCR process, stochiometric quantities of ammonia (NH3) is injected along with the flue gas over a catalyst at temperatures between 300 and 400 °C to reduce NOx to harmless nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O). It may be emphasized that Indian coals have a high sulphur content and as already mentioned, this leads to the formation of su hur dioxide during combustion. In presence of the catalyst, this SO2 may get oxidised to sulphur trioxide (SO3) which in turn may react with excess NH3 resukiog in the formation of ammonium salts causing... 

The increased mortality, morbidity and deficits in pulmonary function associated with sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter (SPM) are widely documented. Sulfur dioxide alone can cause severe effects in the form of bronchoconstriction, chemical bronchitis and tracheitis [4]. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the 2 main offenders, emanate from heavy industries especially coal-based. Electrical generating plants, industrial boilers, large smelters and motor vehicles release oxides of nitrogen and sulfur into the atmosphere. Fortunately, the sulfur content of Indian coal is low (0.3-0.5%), and therefore, the resulting sulfur dioxide produced is of concern only in the vicinity of low chimneys [5]. 

In his investigations on Indian coals, the author proved for the first time the existence of chlorine in organic combination in the coal substance It was found that in all the ten coals examined, the proportion of chlorine in organic combination was appreciable and in some cases its proportion rose to 30-36 percent of the total chlorine ... 

Maiti, J. et al. 2009. Severity analysis of Indian coal mine accidents—A retrospective study for 100 years. Safety Science 47 1033-1042. 

The burden based prediction model was tested for validation in field conditions. Field tests were conducted in sandstone formations at two different Indian coal mines of Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. (SCCL), and Western Coalfields Ltd. (WCL). The experiments and the results of the field studies are explained separately for different test sites. 

Misra, B.K. and Singh, B.D. 1994. Susceptibility to spontaneous combustion of Indian coals and lignites An organic petrographic autopsy. International Journal of Coal Geology, 25 265-286. 

Iyengar, R. and Haque, R. (1991) Gasification of high-ash Indian coals for power generation. Fuel Processing Technology, 27 (3), 2A7-262. 

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