Fermentation procedures

Fermentation procedure. Twelve hours prior to the inoculation of the fermenter, 1 L of medium was inoculated with a 2 ml glycerol stock of Serratia marcescens. Bacterial cultures were grown at 36 C for 12 hours. 

Another group of compounds, the tetracyclines, are made by fermentation procedures or by chemical modifications of the natural product. The hydrochloride salts are used most commonly for oral administration and are usually encapsulated because of their bitter taste. Controlled catalytic hydrogenolysis of chlortetracycline, a natural product, selectively removes the 7-chloro atom and produces tetracycline. Doxycycline and minocycline are other important antibacterials. Tetracycline can be prescribed for people allergic to penicillin. Doxycycline prevents traveler s diarrhea. Tetracyclines help many infections including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, urinary tract infections, bronchitis, amoebic dysentery, and acne. 

A fermentation procedure has been described237,238 for large-scale production of the latter sugar nucleotide. Bakers yeast transforms guanosine 5 -phosphate into the D-mannosyl pyrophosphate ester in 45% yield when a mixture with D-glucose, potassium phosphate, and magnesium sulfate is incubated. 

Fermentation procedures useful for the production of uridine 5 -(a-D-galactopyranosyl pyrophosphate) involve the cultivation of bacterial mutant-strains that are deficient in the 4"-epimerase for 30 (see Section V,l,b, p. 369) in D-galactose-containing media,245-247 or by incubating Torulopsis Candida cells with uridine 5 -phosphate, D-galactose, potassium phosphate, and magnesium sulfate.248... 

Fermentation procedures for preparing uridine 5 -(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-glucopyranosyl pyrophosphate) have also been reported. One of them255 involves the cultivation of Helminthosporium sativum in the presence of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose and the antibiotic polyoxin the latter is an inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis. The other256 utilized the incubation of yeast cells with uridine 5 -phosphate in the presence of an excess of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose and inorganic phosphate.257... 

Most fermentation procedures are systematically optimized in a pilot plant, which typically uses a table-top fermentor of about 30 liter capacity. These fermenters are designed to contain all the ports, valves, controls, and cleaning capabilities essential... 

Various plant extracts are allowed under most organic guidelines, provided that they are not formulated in petroleum-based synergists or carriers. However, they are only rarely used, primarily as insecticides (Table 4.1). Compost extracts are used more frequently, and are commercially formulated these days (Litterick ef al. 2004). They can be very effective in disease control, depending on the starting material, the composting and fermentation procedures, and the final microbial activity. 

Manufacture and Processing. Although fermentation procedures have not been reported, assumptions concerning fermentation media and optimal conditions have been made. The transformation of the biologically inactive rifamycin B to the biologically active rifamycin S is usually accomplished chemically. Several rifamycin B oxidases have been isolated that can enzymatically transform rifamycin B to rifamycin O, which is hydrolyzed in the fermentation medium to rifamycin S. The enzymes from Monocilliim spp. ATC 20621 and Humicold spp. ATCC 20620 are intracellular, whereas... 

The tetracyclines are manufactured by fermentation procedures or by chemical modifications of the natural product. Controlled catalytic hydrogenolysis of chlortetracycline, a natural product, selectively removes the 7-chloro atom and produces tetracycline, the most important member of the group. 

The process of fermentation is used in various industrial settings, including the production of protein biopharmaceuticals. This process involves growing cells and microbes for the production of the desired product in large quantities under well-specified conditions. Fermentation procedures are typically optimized in a systematic manner in a pilot plant with a fermentor with a capacity on the order of 30 liters, and engineers determine the best strategies to develop fermenters with a capacity on the order of 100,000 liters (Ho and Gibaldi, 2003). 

STY is high for a fermentative procedure and ranges from 140 g L-1 d 1 for a continuous tank reactor to 1.2 kg IT1 d 1 in a continuous tower reactor with cell recycle. Depending on the ethanol tolerance of the production species, ethanol is produced to a concentration of 12-20%. The ethanol is traditionally recovered from the fermentation broth via an energy-intensive distillation step, but it is sought to replace the latter by pervaporation or reversed osmosis [25]. 

R)-Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is synthesized by microbes and plants, but not by mammals, who require it as a nutritional factor. Only the (R)-enantiomer is physiologically active. (R)-Pantothenic acid is produced as its calcium salt on a 6 kt a-1 scale, 80% of which is applied as an animal feed additive major suppliers are Roche, Fuji and BASF. Pantothenic acid is produced via chemical methods [110] but a fermentative procedure has recently been commercialized. 

For many years, riboflavin has been produced from D-ribose (Rib) and 3,4-xyli-dine, via the Karrer-Tishler process (see Fig. 8.27) [135], which pushed the existing fermentative procedures from the market in the late 1960s [137], although the laborious synthesis of Rib [135] was a serious drawback. Later, a fermentative process for Rib [138] was adopted. The Karrer-Tishler process is, from the green standpoint, not one of the worst as the overall yield is 60%, relatively little organic solvents are used and few auxiliary groups are discarded. 

Fermentation is the name conventionally attributed to any industrial transformation that involves microorganisms. In TBV production, there are two distinct fermentations alcoholic and acetic the first is carried out by yeasts of different genera and species, the second by AAB. Usually, the two fermentations occur in the same vessel (badessa) and are performed by wild strains without any control. The results are unpredictable sometimes the alcoholic fermentation is inhibited by acetic acid produced by AAB often the acetic acid fermentation, for various reasons, does not occur. To solve the problem, a two-stage fermentation procedure has been suggested the oxidation of ethanol should always follow alcoholic... 

Submerged fermentation procedures are used almost exclusively today. A few surface fermentation processes (on liquids or solids) are still used. Cost comparisons of labor, air compression, infection, etc., can be made, but modem batch fed, highly instrumented and computerized submerged methods predominate. Submerged methods are also the predominant culture propagation technique. The general principle is to have the fewest possible... 

There is a large volume of work reported on several aspects of the utilization of wood by the ruminant and the relevant literature is reviewed in the following order for the sake of clarity the use of wood and wood by-products as feeding materials for ruminants, factors influencing the availability of cellulose from these products, the physical and/or chemical procedures used by several workers to increase the availability of cellulose to rumen microorganisms, in vitro fermentation procedures designed to screen the efficiency of such treatments, and studies with cellulolytic enzymes from rumen microorganisms. 

A preparative-scale biotransformation of sampangine was performed with Beauvaria bassiana ATCC 7159 using the standard two-stage fermentation procedure. This afforded a pure red metabolite (33 mg, 9.7% yield) (Fig. (5)). 

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