Chemical Biomedical Sensors

In the literature, there are some other classifications based on the specific applications (physical, chemical, biomedical sensors, etc.) that we will not consider in this work (Ghetia et ak, 2013). 

Finally, we note that future instrument for lifetime-based sensing and imaging can be based on laser diode light sources. At present it is desirable to develop specific probes which can be excited from 630 to 780 nm, the usual range of laser diodes. The use of such probes will allow us to avoid the use of complex laser sources, which should result in the expanded use of fluorescence detection in the chemical and biomedical sensors. 

Since sensors generate a measurable material property, they belong in some grouping of transducer devices. Sensors specifically contain a recognition process that is characteristic of a material sample at the molecular-chemical level, and a sensor incorporates a transduction process (step) to create a useful signal. Biomedical sensors include a whole range of devices that may be chemical sensors, physical sensors, or some kind of mixed sensor. 

Seesaard, T., Lorwongtragool, P., Kerdcharoen, T., 2015. Development of fabric-based chemical gas sensors for use as wearable electronic noses. Sensors 15 (1), 1885—1902. Seim, B., Rothmaier, M., Camenzind, M., Khan, T., Walt, H., 2007. Novel flexible light diffuser and irradiation properties for photodynamic therapy. Journal of Biomedical Optics 12 (3), 240340. 

The feasibility of using optical fibers as biomedical sensors has been established. Some technical problems (e.g., response time, calibration, and shelf life) need further attention. Some of the sensors described in Section V have already been introduced into clinical use. A new family of indirect chemical sensors incorporates biomolecules such as enzymes or antibodies. These sensors can monitor the body s levels of glucose or penicillin and may soon be used to measure metabolic substances, toxins, and microorganisms in the body. 

Cheung, P. W., Fleming, D. G., Ko, W. H., Neuman, M. R., eds. Theory, Design and Biomedical Applications of Solid State Chemical Sensors, West Palm Beach, Florida, CRC Press 1978... 

Recent developments in microsystems technology have led to the widespread application of microfabrication techniques for the production of sensor platforms. These techniques have had a major impact on the development of so-called Lab-on-a-Chip devices. The major application areas for theses devices are biomedical diagnostics, industrial process monitoring, environmental monitoring, drug discovery, and defence. In the context of biomedical diagnostic applications, for example, such devices are intended to provide quantitative chemical or biochemical information on samples such as blood, sweat and saliva while using minimal sample volume. 

The goal of this book is to cover the full scope of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. It offers a survey of the principles, design and biomedical applications of the most popular types of electrochemical devices in use today. The book is aimed at all scientists and engineers who are interested in developing and using chemical sensors and biosensors. By discussing recent advances, it is hoped to bridge the common gap between research literature and standard textbooks. 

J.F. Schenck, Technical difficulties remaining to the application of ISFET devices, in Theory, Design and Biomedical Applications of Solid State Chemical Sensors (P.W. Cheung, ed.), pp. 165—173. CRC Press, Boca Raton (1978). 

Taking all these prerequisites into account, the use of chemical and physical sensors within household appliances is considerably restricted, and only a few applications are already on the market. In the field of bioanalytics, sensors are already used for bioprocess-monitoring and biomedical applications. In this area highly specific recognition processes can be used in sensors that only require a short lifespan, due to operating conditions etc. [64]. 

Theory, Design and Biomedical Applications o f Sdid State Chemical Sensors... 

The Fido technology is currently under evaluation for use by U.S. military forces. The Fido X and Fido XT are available as commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) items. Consequently, the technology is adequately mature for commercial deployment. However, as a platform technology, the AFP sensor and Fido detection system support broad application to meet explosives detection needs. Further, Nomadics has incorporated the amplification features of AFP into other sensor mechanisms aimed at the detection of analytes that are not explosives related, including other chemicals and compounds of interest in the biomedical and food safety fields. Thus, while the technology is mature enough for commercialization, its potential is far from fully exploited. 

Similarly to their natural counterparts (enzymes, antibodies, and hormone receptors), MIPs have found numerous applications in various areas. They have been used as antibody mimics in immunoassays and sensors and biochips as affinity separation materials and for chemical and bioanalysis, for directed synthesis and enzyme-like catalysis, and for biomedical applications. Concerning their commercialization, there has been great progress during the past decade, in particular in the... 

U.E. Spichinger-Keller, Chemical Sensors and Biosensors for Medical and Biomedical Applications, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998. 

The first application developed for smart hydrogels was somewhat mundane. They were used as a liner for golf shoes and in-line skates that takes the shape of the wearer s foot as the result of heat released by the foot, but researchers have envisioned a much broader and more significant number and variety of applications for such materials. Proposed applications include optical shutters actuators and sensors for chemical, heat, and electrical systems valves chemical memory systems fluid switches absorbents for chemical and petroleum spills diapers cosmetics and desalination systems. Thus far, however, the greatest interest has been in biomedical applications of hydrogels. 

Our purpose is to produce practical, chemically characterized and physically tested chemical sensors for in vivo applications in cardiology and, ultimately, other biomedical fields. The present main focus is on macro membrane-based pH sensors, reduction to micro size, in vivo testing and preliminary application by cardiologists. 

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