Characterization of sludge

Figure 3. Comparison of different modifiers for the on-line SFE/GC characterization of sludge/fly ash.

Babin, M.M., P. Garcia, C. Fernandez, C. Alonso, G. Carbonell and J.V. Tarazona. Toxicological characterization of sludge from sewage treatment plants using toxicity identification evaluation protocols based on in vitro toxicity tests. Toxicol. In Vitro 15 519—524, 2001. 

Watanabe K, M Teramoto, H Eutamata, S Harayama (1998b) Molecular detection, isolation, and physiological characterization of functionally dominant phenol-degrading bacteria in activated sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 4396-4402. 

Dudley L.M., McNeal B.L., Baham J.E., Coray C.S., Cheng H.H. Characterization of soluble organic compounds and complexation of copper, nickel, and zinc in extracts of sludge-amended soils. J Environ Qual 1987 16 341-348. 

Knudtsen K., O Connor G.A. Characterization of iron and zinc in Albuquerque sewage sludge. J Environ Qual 1987 16 85-90. 

Mullins G.L., Sommers L.E. Characterization of cadmium and zinc in four soils treated with sewage sludge. J Environ Qual 1986 15 328-387. 

Steinhilber P., Boswell F.C. Fractionation and characterization of two aerobic sewage sludge. J Environ Qual 1983 12 529-534. 

Chunli Z, Jiti Z, Jing W, Jing W, Baocheng Q (2008) Isolation and characterization of a nitrobenzene degrading yeast strain from activated sludge. J Hazard Mat 160 194—199... 

Eschenhagena M, Schupplerb M, Oskea IR (2003) Molecular characterization of the microbial community structure in two activated sludge systems for the advanced treatment of domestic effluents. Wat Res 37 3224—3232... 

Kappeler, J. and W. Gujer (1992), Estimation of kinetic parameters of heterotrophic biomass under aerobic conditions and characterization of wastewater for activated sludge modelling, Water Sci. Tech., 25(6), 125-139. 

A methodology for OUR measurements in wastewater systems was originally developed for the characterization of activated sludge in terms of COD components and process parameters (Ekama and Marais, 1978 Dold et al 1980). It included OUR measurements of the activated sludge under substrate-limited and substrate-nonlimited growth conditions, typically performed by discontinuous addition of wastewater. Development of respirometry principles and techniques has taken place, e.g., motivated for the control of the activated sludge processes (Spanjers et al., 1998). 

Table 2 Average levels of several parameters used for the characterization of Whitewaters and sludge...

Thermogravimetric methods such as pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry have been used to characterize hydrocarbon sludges from polluted soils [10]. In combination with conventional extraction and supercritical fluid extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, over 100 constituents were identified in soil samples. Thermogravimetric analysis-mass spectrometric results distinguished between the release of a component by thermosorption and by pyrolysis. 

The presence of some surfactants or their by-products in the aquatic environment has been considered as a potential marker of pollution [45, 325]. Thus, the presence of alkylbenzene sulfonates in groundwater has been used as an indicator of the age of the groundwater [358]. Linear alkylbenzenes can act as tracers of domestic waste in the marine environment [34,35,359,360] and trial-kylamines as indicators of urban sewage in sludge, coastal waters, and sediments [17,33,45,325, 327, 346,361]. Analysis, identification, and characterization of surfactants are extensively reviewed and discussed by Aboul-Kassim and Simoneit [314], while pollution problems associated with these compounds are reviewed by Aboul-Kassim and Simoneit [356]. 

Rudd T, Lake DL, Mehrotia I, et al. 1988. Characterization of metal forms in sewage sludge by chemical extraction and progressive acidification. Sci Total Environ 74 149-175. 

Aloy, A. S., Iskhakova, O. A., Koltsova, T. I., Trofimenko, A. V. Jardine, L. J. 2001. Development and characterization of borosilicate glasses for immobilization of plutonium-containing sludges. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 663, 189-198. 

The purpose of this chapter is to present a general approach for the isolation of residue organics from sludges for further biological and chemical characterization of the mutagenic constituents of these residues. Three criteria were kept in mind during development and... 

Physical characterization of the CBI ceramic aggregate was accomplished at the Civil Engineering Department of Stanford University. Samples were analyzed for specific surface area and pore volume, by BET adsorption, and microscopic morphology, by SEM imaging. These analyses were performed on fired samples from the matrix of additive-sludge mixtures described in the previous paragraph. 

Figure 4.3. Gel permeation chromatograms of humic acids isolated from a soil either unamended (A) or amended with 25tha 1yr 1 of cattle manure for 4 years (B) and 25, 50, and 100tha 1yr 1 of sewage sludge for 4 years (C, D, and E, respectively). Reprinted from Piccolo, A., Zaccheo, E, and Genevini, P. G. (1992). Chemical characterization of humic substances extracted from organic-waste-amended soils. Bioresource Technol. 40, 275-282, with permission from Elsevier.

Garcia, C., Hernandez,T., and Costa,F. (1992b). Characterization of humic acids from uncomposted and composted sewage sludge by degradative and non-degradative techniques. Bioresource Technol. 41, 53-57. 

Gonzalez-Perez, M., Martin-Neto, L., Colnago, L. A., Milori, D. M. B. P., De Camargo, O. A., Berton, R., and Bettiol, W. (2006). Characterization of humic acids extracted from sewage sludge-amended oxisols by electron paramagnetic resonance. Soil Till. Res. 91, 95-100. 

Hernandez, T., Moreno, J. L., and Costa, F. (1993). Infrared spectroscopic characterization of sewage sludge humic acids. Evidence of sludge organic matter-metal interactions. 

Soler-Rovira, P. A., Brunetti, G., Polo, A., and Senesi, N. (2002). Comparative chemical and spectroscopic characterization of humic acids from sewage sludges and sludge-amended soils. Soil Sci. 167, 235-245. 

EN 12457-1 (2003) Characterization of waste - Leaching - Compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges - Part 1 One-stage batch test at a liquid to solids ratio of 2 L/kg for materials with high solids content and with a particle size below 4 mm (with or without size reduction), CEN/TC292/WG2, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. 

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