Cerebrospinal central nervous system diseases

Hiraoka, A., et al (1998). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-capillary gel electrophoretic analysis of molecular mass microheterogeneity of beta-trace protein in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with central nervous system diseases./. Chromatogr. A 802, 143-8. 

Hiraoka, A., Akai, J., Tominaga, L, Hattori, M., Sasaki, H., and Arato, T. Capillary zone electrophoretic determination of organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid frompatients with central nervous system diseases. J. Chromatogr. A, 680, 243, 1994. 

Thus, the PS-SCL-based biometrical analysis was applied for the identification of T cell ligands for CSF-3, a CD4+ clone of unknown specificity that was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with chronic Lyme disease of the central nervous system.47 Each mixture of a decapeptide PS-SCL... 

This approach has been explored in attempts to treat progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy/ a rapidly fatal disease caused by the JC virus and characterized by regions of central nervous system demyelination and markedly altered neuroglia. The virus is known to be sensitive in vitro to the action of cytosine arabi-noside (ARA-C) concentrations of 40 M (10 pg/mL) or more (12). Because the agent crosses the blood-brain barrier slowly Hall et al. (13) designed a study to test whether intraventricular/intrathecal administration of ARA-C could successfully treat JC virus in humans. ARA-C was administered as a bolus into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space at the initial rate of 50 mg every 7 days. This ARA-C regimen was found to be... 

In contrast to T cells, in different immunopathologies, the brain provides a fostering envkonment to B cells. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas are usually of B cell origin. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with chronic infections and autoimmune diseases of the CNS typically contains remarkably stable oligoclonal Ig bands. In the CNS of multiple sclerosis patients, clonally expanded B cells and plasma cells persist. Ectopic B cell follicles develop in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive MS, and B cell differentiation may be recapitulated in the CNS of MS patients (Krumbholz et al., 2006) (see Chapters 18-24). 

Also, hCG is useful in identifying patients with trophoblastic tumors and, together with AFP, in detecting non-seminomatous testicular tumors. Levels of hCG correlate with the tumor volume and disease prognosis. The presence of hCG in seminoma may indicate the presence of choriocarcinoma. Because hCG does not cross the blood-brain barrier, the normal cerebrospinal fluid-to-serum ratio is 1 60. Higher levels in cerebrospinal fluid may indicate metastases to the brain. Furthermore, the response to therapy for patients with central nervous system metastasis may be indicated by monitoring the hCG level. 

In case of loasis, the drug may provoke ocular problems and meningoencephalitis, especially in patients with heavy infections [55,99,102]. The occurrence of encephalitis due to the presence of microfilariae of Lloa in the central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid may be fatal. The patient first falls in coma and then dies. A few cases of collapse and death have also been reported during treatment of W. bancrofti or O. volvulus infections [7]. The use of DEC should be avoided during pregnancy and in patients with renal and cardiac diseases [65]. 

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CFU colony forming unit CNS central nervous system CSF cerebrospinal fluid CT computed tomographic DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation EV-PCR enterovirus-specific reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction... 

Tacrine (initially 10 mg p.o. q.i.d.) is indicated in the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer s type. Although many neuronal systems are affected in Alzheimer s disease, the decline in central cholinergic activity is one of the most pronounced neurotransmitter deficits. Tacrine s primary effect is the reversible inhibition of cholinesterase—butyrylcholinesterase more than acetylcholinesterase. This inhibition increases the level of acetylcholine in the central nervous system. In fact, increased levels of acetylcholine have been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients receiving tacrine (see also Figure 12). 

HHV-6 and HHV-7 from the Rh olovirus genus present a high distribution worldwide with infection rates of respectively 70-100% and 75% (7,8]. Primary infection with HHV-6 results in the development of exanthema subitum and can lead to complications such as malaise, febrile seizures and in some rare cases encephalitis [7]. HHV-6 is heavily associated with diseases of the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients such as encephalitis and/or encephalopathy 7], but also with multiple sclerosis. In particular, anti-HHV-6 antibodies and HHV-6 DNA have been detected in MS cerebrospinal fluid and MS plaques, respectively [9]. So far, the link of HHV-7 and diseases other than exanthema subitum during primary infection remains highly speculative 9-11]. Additional studies are required to understand the true contribution of HHV-7 in pathological conditions. 

Koch et al. determined total cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids in CSF samples from 216 individuals in order to establish the lipid and apo-lipoprotein levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) in a large group of individuals, on the basis of which a classification of CSF lipoproteins was made. The cholesterol and phospholipids are measured enzymatically by fluorometric detection of the reaction products. Earlier work had shown reduced levels of cholesterol, phospholipids, and free fatty acids in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) of Alzheimer disease patients. Urine levels of F2-isoprostanes or their major metabolite were not significantly different between Alzheimer s disease patients and controls. In addition, urine and CSF F2-isoprostane levels in Alzheimer s disease patients did not correlate. These results indicate that plasma and urine F2-isoprostanes and F2-neuroprostanes do not accurately reflect central nervous system levels of these biomarkers and are not reproducibly elevated in body fluids outside of the central nervous system in Alzheimer s disease patients. 

All vertebrates and insects possess a B.b.b. It is present in the embryonic brain, and it can even be demonstrated a few hours after brain death. The B.b.b. clearly serves a proteetive function, preventing exposure of the central nervous system to a wide variety of electrolytes and macromolecules which circulate in the blood in health and disease. However, its most important function may be the maintenance of a constant environment in the central nervous system homeostasis of K, Ca ", Mg and H in cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral interstitial fluid is probably ne-... 

Borreliosis is a disease that frequently and typically affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems (Table 13 for a historical overview, see Table 14). Owing to the frequent occurrence in our area, it is possible to observe highly variable clinical manifestations as well as different types of pathological appearances in cerebrospinal fluid. Current methods used in neuroborreliosis diagnosis include the evaluation of specific antibodies IgM, IgG detected by ELISA, Western blot, and PCR. 

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