Homeostasis, in the central nervous system

Spector, R., 1980b. Riboflavin homeostasis in the central nervous system. Journal of Neurochemistry. 35 202-209. 

AVP plays a central role in water homeostasis of terrestrial mammals, leading to water conservation by the kidney. OT is primarily involved in milk ejection, parturition and in sexual and maternal behaviour. Both hormones are pqDtides secreted by the neurohypophysis, and both act also as neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS). The major hormonal targets for AVP are the renal tubules and vascular myocytes. The hormonal targets for OT are the myoepithelial cells... 

Besides the well-established role of cytokines in the immune system, several recent reports demonstrated that chemokines also play a role in the central nervous system (CNS) (B2, Ml3). In the CNS, chemokines are constitutively expressed by microglial cells, astrocytes, and neurons, and their expression can be increased after induction with inflammatory mediators (M13). Chemokines are involved in brain development and in the maintenance of normal brain homeostasis, and play a role in the migration, differentiation, and proliferation of glial and neuronal... 

One explanation for tolerance that has been around for more than 40 years is called the adaptation-homeostasis hypothesis (Cicero, 1980). This theory assumes that a drug acts on specific cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Because of the plasticity of the CNS, the cells become adapted to the presence of the drug with repeated exposure to it. The adaptation allows the cells to maintain normal functioning at a given drug dose. As a result, more drug is required to disrupt cell functioning. This required increase is called tolerance. 

All vertebrates and insects possess a B.b.b. It is present in the embryonic brain, and it can even be demonstrated a few hours after brain death. The B.b.b. clearly serves a proteetive function, preventing exposure of the central nervous system to a wide variety of electrolytes and macromolecules which circulate in the blood in health and disease. However, its most important function may be the maintenance of a constant environment in the central nervous system homeostasis of K, Ca ", Mg and H in cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral interstitial fluid is probably ne-... 

Until recently, chemokines and their receptors were believed to have evolved solely for the purpose of recruiting and activating immune cells during inflammation. As the known roles for chemokines increased through studies of their eflfects on hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis, it became clear that they are important in the development and homeostasis of almost all tissues. In the central nervous system (CNS), investigations of the chemokines responsible for leukocyte recruitment into the CNS during various neuroinflammatory diseases lead to additional discoveries regarding their... 

Both GLP-1 and GIP are able to regulate glucose homeostasis by interacting with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) [56, 57], The GIP receptor is mainly expressed on islet p cells, but it also occurs in adipose tissue and in the central nervous system. Conversely, the GLP-1 receptor is localized on islet a and p cells and in... 

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