Seizure febrile

Mutations in O generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus syndrome... 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Meningitis, basilar artery blood clots (thrombosis), cardioembolic stroke, cavernous sinus syndromes, cerebral venous blood clots (thrombosis), confusional states and acute memory disorders, epileptic and epileptiform encephalopathies, febrile seizures, haemophilus meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, subdural pus (empyema), or bruise (hematoma). 

Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI)... 

Systemic reactions, such as moderate fever, occur in 3% to 5% of those receiving vaccines. Very rarely, high fever, febrile seizures, persistent crying spells, and hypotonic hyporesponsive episodes occur after vaccination. 

Head trauma, meningitis, childhood fevers, brain tumors, and degenerative diseases of the cerebral circulation are conditions often associated with the appearance of recurrent seizures that may require treatment with anticonvulsant drugs. Seizures also may be a toxic manifestation of the action of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants and certain other drugs. Seizures often occur in hyperthermia (febrile seizures are very common in infants) sometimes in eclampsia, uremia, hypoglycemia, or pyridoxine deficiency and frequently as a part of the abstinence syn-... 

Convulsions associated with fever often occur in children 3 months to 5 years of age. Epilepsy later develops in approximately 2 to 3% of children who exhibit one or more such febrile seizures. Most authorities now recommend prophylactic treatment with anticonvulsant drugs only to patients at highest risk for development of epilepsy and for those who have multiple recurrent febrile seizures. Phenobarbital is the usual drug, although diazepam is also effective. Phenytoin and carba-mazepine are ineffective, and valproic acid may cause hepatotoxicity in very young patients. 

The antiseizure drugs described in this chapter are also used in patients with febrile seizures or with seizures occurring as part of an acute illness such as meningitis. The term "epilepsy" is not usually applied to such patients unless chronic seizures develop later. Seizures are occasionally caused by an acute underlying toxic or metabolic disorder, in which case appropriate therapy should be directed toward the specific abnormality, eg, hypocalcemia. In most cases of epilepsy, however, the choice of medication depends on the empiric seizure classification. 

The therapeutic levels of phenobarbital in most patients range from 10 mcg/mL to 40 mcg/mL. Documentation of effectiveness is best in febrile seizures, and levels below 15 mcg/mL appear ineffective for prevention of febrile seizure recurrence. The upper end of the therapeutic range is more difficult to define because many patients appear to tolerate chronic levels above 40 mcg/mL. 

In humans, two inborn errors in Cr biosynthesis and one in Cr transport are known deficiencies of AGAT, GAMT and of the Cr transporter. AGAT deficiency, first described in 2001, has been reported in three related children [3,4] and a fourth unrelated child [5]. The affected patients show mental and motor retardation, severe delay in speech development and, only in one patient, a period of febrile seizures. GA is decreased in body fluids of AGAT-deficient patients. 

Febrile seizures Idiopathic Lennox-Gastaut syndrome Absence seizures (petit mal)... 

Barbiturates are also used in infantile seizures that are not considered epilepsy. These seizures generally occur when an infant has a high fever, and therefore they are called febrile seizures. Phenobarbital is still commonly used to prevent seizures in infants, because scientists do not routinely study new drugs in infants and children. Because phenobarbital is... 

CB1 receptor antagonists are able to prevent this effect (Neu et al., 2007 Ohno-Shosaku et al, 2002). Similarly, a group I mGlu receptor-mediated retrograde inhibition of GABA release through endocannabinoids has been described in CA1 for both short-(Varma et al., 2001) and long-term (Chevaleyre and Castillo, 2003) forms of synaptic plasticity, as well as for the persistent effects of experimental febrile seizures on the enhancement of hippocampal excitability (Chen et al., 2007). 

Absence seizures Febrile seizures in children Status epilepticus Absence seizures Tonic-clonic seizures... 

Intranasal midazolam 0.2 mg/kg and intravenous diazepam 0.3 mg/kg have been compared in a prospective randomized study in 47 children (aged 6 months to 5 years) with prolonged (over 10 minutes) febrile seizures (55). Intranasal midazolam controlled seizures significantly earlier than intravenous diazepam. None of the children... 

Wassner E, Morris B, Fernando L, Rao M, Whitehouse WP. Intranasal midazolam for treating febrile seizures in children. Buccal midazolam for childhood seizures at home preferred to rectal diazepam. BMJ 2001 322(7278) 108. 

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