Cerebrospinal fluid normal

Alzheimer Cerebrospinal Fluid Normal Cerebrospinal Fluid ( j l t... 

The transcellular fluid includes the viscous components of the peritoneum, pleural space, and pericardium, as well as the cerebrospinal fluid, joint space fluid, and the gastrointestinal (GI) digestive juices. Although the transcellular fluid normally accounts for about 1% of TBW, this amount can increase significantly during various illnesses favoring fluid collection in one of these spaces (e.g., pleural effusions or ascites in the peritoneum). The accumulation of fluid in the transcellular space is often referred to as third spacing. To review the calculations of the body fluid compartments in a representative patient, see Patient Encounter 1. 

Many areas of the human body are colonized with bacteria— this is known as normal flora. Infections often arise from one s own normal flora (also called an endogenous infection). Endogenous infection may occur when there are alterations in the normal flora (e.g., recent antimicrobial use may allow for overgrowth of other normal flora) or disruption of host defenses (e.g., a break or entry in the skin). Knowing what organisms reside where can help to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy (Fig. 66-1). In addition, it is beneficial to know what anatomic sites are normally sterile. These include the cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and urine. 

A delicate balance of normal pressure is maintained in the brain and spinal cord by brain, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume. Since the brain is contained within a confined space (skull), any foreign mass contained within that space causes adverse sequelae. This results in either destruction or displacement of normal brain tissue with associated edema. Most brain metastases occur through hematogenous spread of the primary tumor, and around 80% of patients will have multiple sites of metastases within the brain. 

Kozar, M. Krahmer, M. Fox, A. Gray, B. M. Failure to detect muramic acid in normal rat tissues but detection in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with pneumococcal meningitis. Infect. Immun. 2000, 68, 4688 1698. 

Brettschneider, J., el al. (2004). Meningeal derived cerebrospinal fluid proteins in different forms of dementia is a meningopathy involved in normal pressure hydrocephalus J. Neurot Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75, 1614-16. 

Clausen, J. (1961). Proteins in normal cerebrospinal fluid not found in serum. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biot Med. 107, 170-2. 

Mase, M., et al. (2003). Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in cerebrospinal fluid a useful marker for the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosci. Res. 47, 455-9. 

Wenner, B.R., Lovell, M.A., Lynn, B.C. (2004). Proteomic analysis of human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid from neurologically normal, elderly subjects using two-dimensional LC-MS/MS. J. Proteome Res. 3, 97-103. 

Uotila JT, Kirkkola A-L, Rorarius M, Tuimala RJ and Metsa-Ketela T. 1994. The total peroxyl radicaltrapping ability of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in normal and preeclamptic parturients. Free Radic Biol Med 16(5) 581-590. 

Caution must be used in the evaluation of positive culture results from normally sterile sites (e.g., blood, cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluid). The recovery of bacteria normally found on the skin in large quantities (e.g., coagulase-negative staphylococci, diphtheroids) from one of these sites may be a result of contamination of the specimen rather than a true infection. 

Mean Values of the Components of Normal and Abnormal Cerebrospinal Fluid... 

The normal values for thiamine in human blood vary from 25-80 mpg/ml (average of 27 cases), from 110-370 mfig/ml in urine (27 cases), and from 13-17 mpg/ml in cerebrospinal fluid (45 cases). These specimens were obtained from normal subjects, receiving no vitamin therapy and in the fasting state, to eliminate dietary influences. The... 

The range of pantothenic acid in normal blood and in cerebrospinal fluid is approximately the same (Table 3) in the urine it is higher. Ninety-nine... 

Blood from normal subjects contains 14-60 m ig/ml, serum 25-75 mpg/ml, urine 100-200 m[ig of B8/ml of fluid cerebrospinal fluid contains less than 1 m ig/ml. Normal human liver, obtained by biopsy, contains between 10-20 mpg of B6/mg of dried tissue rat brain between 3.5-5 m(ig/mg. (cf. Table 9). 

Sobotka, H, Baker, H., and Frank, O., Vitamin levels in normal cerebrospinal fluid. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 103, 801-802 (1960). 

IgG is the characteristic antibody of all internal secretions including blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Normal urine contains about 5-10 mg/day. In secondary immune responses like malaria and helminth infection, very large quantities of IgG are produced especially to soluble antigens and toxins. High values are found in many parasitic infections. 

These apolipoproteins are present in normal cerebrospinal fluid, but only in low concentrations. In the presence of lipophagic elements in CSF cytology, the findings of the concentrations of apolipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid were clearly improved. 

Concentration of total protein in cerebrospinal fiuid is the essential biochemical parameter. It is tme that the concentration of total protein in cerebrospinal fluid varies with a mild to significant increase with regard to the reference range. It is well known that the concentration of total protein in cerebrospinal fluid exceeding 1 g L means a principal challenge to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. In multiple sclerosis, the levels of total protein are either normal or only insignificantly... 

Chappell, P., Leckman, J., Goodman, W., Bissette, G., Pauls, D., Anderson, G., Riddle, M., Scahill, L., McDougle, C., and Cohen, D. (1996) Elevated cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor in Tourette s syndrome comparison to obsessive compulsive disorder and normal controls. Biol Psychiatry 39 776-783. 

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