Cell death apoptosis

HiBASAMi H, ACHiwA Y, FUJIKAWA T and KOMIYA T (1996) Induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in human lymphoid leukemia cells by catechin compounds . Anticancer Res, 16, 1943-46. 

Raff If you starve hydra, they just shrink. Cell proliferation carries on almost normally, but cell death (apoptosis) greatly increases. The animals survive by eating their own apoptotic cells. 

Jilka RL, Weinstein RS, Bellido T, Parfitt AM, Manolagas SC (1998) Osteoblast programmed cell death (apoptosis) modulation by growth factors and cytokines. J Bone Miner Res 13 793-802... 

DEATH DEATH domain, found in proteins involved in cell death (apoptosis) E(M)B 0(0) 9(9) 1DDF... 

Regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) is not only important in normal cell development and homeostasis [1, 2], but also during the process of carcinogenesis [3], Apoptosis is suppressed in most cancer cells and induction of apoptosis is one cancer treatment strategy [4], There are many processes and factors that can be modulated to induce cancer cell apoptosis, such as regulation of factors involved in cell cycle arrest [5], protein kinase modulation [6], caspase family activation [7], and the balance in expression between Bcl-2 family members [8],... 

Bcl-2 B cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2) is a family of proteins that regulate apoptosis (programmed cell death). Apoptosis is a necessary process whereby aged or damaged cells are replaced by new cells. Dysfunction of the apoptosis process results in disease inhibition of apoptosis results in cancer, autoimmune disorder, and viral infection, whereas increased apoptosis gives rise to neurodegenerative disorders, myelodysplastic syndromes, ischemic injury, and toxin-induced liver disease. 

The sensitivity to ionizing radiation is maximal in those cells able to activate a co-ordinate program of cell death (apoptosis) primed by the radiation-induced oxidative stress. Albeit apoptosis is a nuclear event and radiation-induced DNA damage is probably the most relevant mechanism of initiation of apoptosis, the control of the execution phase (and sometime also the initiation) takes place at the mitochondrial level. Radioresistance occurs... 

Modes of Cell Death Apoptosis, Autophagy and Necrosis... 

In addition to the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria also function as an intracellular calcium reservoir. The mitochondria also play an important role in programmed cell death —apoptosis (see p. 396). 

The number of cells in any tissue is mainly regulated by two processes—cell proliferation and physiological cell death, apoptosis. Both of these processes are regulated by stimulatory and inhibitory factors that act in solute form (growth factors and cytokines) or are presented in bound form on the surface of neighboring cells (see below). 

Sanchez V, Lucas M, Sanz A, Goberna R (1992) Decreased protein kinase C activity is associated with programmed cell death (apoptosis) in freshly isolated rat hepato-cytes. Biosci Rep 12 199-206... 

Ott, M. et al. (2007) Mitochondria, oxidative stress and cell death. Apoptosis An International Journal on Programmed Cell Death, 12 (5), 913-922. 

Figure 14-8. Overview of pathways that regulate programmed cell death. Apoptosis may occur in response to signaling through either the extrinsic pathway or the intrinsic pathway. In each case, proteolytic cleavage activates an initiator caspase, caspase 8 or 9, either of which can cleave an effector caspase such as caspase 3. Apaf-1 is part of a large complex called the apoptosome that mediates the intrinsic pathway. Binding of an extracellular death ligand to its cell-surface receptor activates the extrinsic pathway.

Gl. Garcia-Martinez, V., Macias, D., Ganan, Y, Garcia-Lobo, J. M., Francia, M. V., Fernandez-Teran, M. A., and Hurle, J. M., Intemucleosomal DNA fragmentation and programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the interdigital tissue of the embryonic chick leg bud. J. Cell Set 106, 201-208 (1993). 

Trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis) as opposed to random cell death (necrosis). This allows sub-lethal doses of photosensitiser, preventing damage and inflammatory response in healthy tissue. 

The membrane-associated Akt kinase is now a substrate for protein kinase PDKl that phosphorylates a specific Thr and Ser residue of Akt kinase. The double phosphorylation converts Akt kinase to the active form. It is assumed that the Akt kinase now dissociates from the membrane and phosphorylates cytosolic substrates such as glycogen synthase kinase, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase and ribosomal protein S6 kinase, p70 . According to this mechanism, Akt kinase regulates central metabolic pathways of the cell. Furthermore, it has a promoting influence on cell division and an inhibitory influence on programmed cell death, apoptosis. A role in apoptosis is suggested by the observation that a component of the apoptotic program. Bad protein (see Chapter 15) has been identified as a substrate of Akt kinase. 

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