Cell bioreactor

In an immobilised cell bioreactor, significant substrate concentration gradients may exist. Cells are located close to the nutrient supply, which are likely to maintain higher quality and activity than cells located relatively further away, leading to differentiation in the quality or activity of the immobilised cell population. This differentiation is more pronounced if there are starvation regions (practically zero substrate concentration) inside the reactor. 

Schroeder, W. and Bohm, H., Once more secondary metabolite concentrations in whole plants and in cell cultures derived therefrom, J. Plant Physiol, 145,126,1995. Yang, R.Y.K. et al., Plant-cell bioreactors with simultaneous electropermeabilization and electrophoresis, J. BiotechnoL, 100, 13, 2003. 

Rothenbnrger S, RM Atlas (1993) Hydroxylation and biodegradation of 6-methylquinoline by psendomonads in aqneons and nonaqueous immobilized-cell bioreactors. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 2139-2144. 

FIGURE 18.13 Allied Signal Immobilized Cell Bioreactor (ICB). 

Borja, R. and Banks, C J., Semicontinuous anaerobic digestion of soft drink wastewater in immobilized cell bioreactors, Biotechnology Letters, 15, 767-772, 1993. 

Recent reports on other forms of reactors are also available. Immobilized cell bioreactors, upflow sludge blanket reactors, draft-tube airlift reactor and other have been suggested. Each of these reactors has its own pros and cons and the advantages need to be evaluated with the whole process in mind. Further work is necessary in this area. Several process schemes have been considered and evaluated with the batch reactor design as the core BDS reactor ... 

Rothenburger, S., and Atlas, R. M., Hydroxylation and Biodegradation of 6-Methylquinoline by Pseudomonads in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Immobilized-Cell Bioreactors. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1993. 59(7) pp. 2139-2144. 

Bajpai, R., Thompson, J. E., and Davison, B. H., Gas Holdup in Three-Phase Immobilized-Cell Bioreactors, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 24/25 485... 

Sharma DK, Saini HS, Singh M et al (2004) Biodegradation of acid blue-15 a textile dye by an upflow immobilized cell bioreactor. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 31 109-114... 

Figure 5.9 Design of a generalized microbial cell fermentation vessel (a) and an animal cell bioreactor (b). Animal cell bioreactors display several structural differences compared with microbial fermentation vessels. Note in particular (i) the use of a marine-type impeller (some animal cell bioreactors-air lift fermenters-are devoid of impellers and use sparging of air-gas as the only means of media agitation) (ii) the absence of baffles (iii) curved internal surfaces at the bioreactor base. These modifications aim to minimize damage to the fragile animal cells during culture. Note that various additional bioreactor configurations are also commercially available. Reprinted with permission from Proteins Biochemistry and Biotechnology (2002), J. Wiley Sons...

Master and working banks of both the viral vector and the animal cell line will have been constructed during the drug development process (see Chapter 4). Manufacture of a batch of vector, therefore, will be initiated by the culture of packing cells in suitable animal cell bioreactors. The... 

Visit the following EDS test units Parsons/ Honeywell immobilized-cell bioreactor test unit. 

Riley et al.53 wrote about an adaptive calibration scheme for nutrients and by-products in insect cell bioreactors. In their work, the authors used both actual and synthetic samples to generate equations. In order not to be misled by unrelated correlations (combinations of analytes that coincidently parallel one another), the synthetic samples contained ratios so that only the analytes in... 

Aumont, V. et al.. Production of highly C-labeled polyphenols in Vitis vinifera cell bioreactor cultures, J. Biotechnol, 109, 287, 2004. 

Mensour, N.A., Margaritis, A., Briens, C.L., Pilkington, H. andRnssell, I. (1997) New developments in the brewing indnstiy nsing immobihsed yeast cell bioreactor systems. J. Inst. Brew., 103, 363-370. 

Risk analysis has been proven to retain the flexibility necessary to make it a useful model system for addressing the countless issues that are found to be associated with plant-derived pharmaceuticals (Wolt and Peterson, 2000). Over the past few years, a great deal of information and experience has steadily accumulated with respect to risk analysis of pharmaceuticals that are currently produced in bacterial and aifimal cell bioreactor systems. Risk analysis has also been performed on transgenic crops used for food production as well as for other applications. As a result, elements from each of these disciplines can be incorporated into the design of optimal production and testing policies and practices. Risk analysis has been employed to cover a series of important issues regarding the large-scale manufacture of plant-made biopharmaceuticals, and will continue to present serious issues for researchers in the academic, corporate, and public health arenas to address (Miele, 1997 Ciliberti and Molinelli, 2005). 

Tramper J. Oxygen gradients in animal-cell bioreactors. In Beuvery EC, ed. Animal Cell Technology. 1995 883-891. 

Bioreactors are the apparatus in which practical biochemical reactions are performed, often with the use of enzymes and/or living cells. Bioreactors that use living cells are usually called fermentors, and specific aspects of these are discussed in Chapter 12. Ihe apparatus applied to waste water treatment using biochemical reactions is another example of a bioreactor. Even blood oxygenators, that is, artificial lungs as discussed in Chapter 15, can also be regarded as bioreactors. 

Riley MR, Arnold MA, Murhammer DW, Walls EL, DelaCruz N. Adaptive calibration scheme for quantification of nutrients and byproducts in insect cell bioreactors by near-infrared spectroscopy. Biotechnology Progress 1998, 14, 527-533. 

Ethanol Production in Immobilized-Cell Bioreactors from Mixed Sugar Syrups and Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Steam-Exploded Biomass... 

Vits H, Hu WS (1992), Fluctuations in continuous mammalian cell bioreactors with retention, Biotechnol. Progr. 8 397-403. 

Kamen AA, Bedard C, Tom R, Perret S, Jardin B (1996), On-line monitoring of respiration in recombinant-baculovirus infected and uninfected insect cell bioreactor cultures, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 50 36-48. 

Qi HN, Goudar CT, Michaels JD, Henzler H-J, Jovanovic GN, Konstantinov KB (2003), Experimental and theoretical analysis of tubular membrane aeration for mammalian cell bioreactors, Biotechnol. Prog. 19 1183-1189. 

Wu P, Ozturk SS, Blackie JD, Thrift JC, Figueroa C, Naveh D (1995), Evaluation and applications of optical cell density probes in mammalian cell bioreactors, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 45 495-502. 

Yoon S, Konstantinov KB (1994), Continuous, real-time monitoring of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) in animal cell bioreactors, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44 983-990. 

Here, it can be seen that during the last decade research on the design of plant cell bioreactors has witnessed a boom and reached maturity. A future trend in this area is to combine bioreactor type with operational conditions for specific cell lines of characteristic morphology, physiology and metabolism, in order to optimize the processes for secondary metabolite production. 

The integration of elicitation, in situ product adsorption with XAD-7, and the immobilization of Catharanthus roseus cells lead to an increase in productivity and a significant increase in extracellular ajmalicine production [5]. The integration of in situ product separation by two-phase culture and immobilized plant cells could be feasible for continuous production in immobilized plant cell bioreactors requiring the repeated use of cells. 

Fig. 17. Aqueous two-phase cultivation in a plant cell bioreactor...

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