Bioreactors animal cell cultures

Stirred bioreactors are common in animal cell culture, as they offer a homogenous enviroiunent, representative sampling, better access to process control and an increased oxygen transfer. Several of these techniques (spinner flasks and stirred vessel bioreactors) have been tested successfully for the cultivation of hematopoietic cells [58,64-67]. 

Helmrich, A. Barnes, D. (1998). Animal cell culture equipment and techniques. Methods Cell Biol. 57, 3-17. Houdebine, L. (2000). Transgenic animal bioreactors. Transgen. Res. 9(4-5), 305-320. 

Commercial manufacturing operations in biotechnology usually employ bioreactors or fermentors for product expression. In this discussion, the term fermentor will refer to bacterial or fungal processes and the term bioreactor to animal cell cultures. While extensive description of the operation... 

The fibers can be made of different materials, such as cellulose esters and polysulfone. The total surface area of a hollow-fiber bioreactor varies in the range of 0.5-3.5 m2. The pore size of fibers commonly employed in animal cell culture corresponds to a molar mass cut-off between 10 and 100 kDa. 

Chisti Y (1993), Animal cell culture in stirred bioreactors observations on scale-up, Process Biochem. 28 511-517. 

Wu J, Goosen MFA (1995), Evaluation of the killing volume of gas bubbles in sparged animal cell culture bioreactors, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 17 1036-1042. 

In spite of these hurdles, the last two decades have seen an immense leap in animal cell culture technology both at the laboratory scale as well as the industrial scale. A variety of bioreactors and instrumentation have been ingeniously been devised for the scale up and process control of animal cell cultures. Serum-free media development has considerably reduced the downstream processing costs in the recombinant protein production and purification process. The capability to induce some cell lines to lose anchorage dependence has also been an important breakthrough. 

Measurement and control systems used in the bioreactor for plants are essentially the same as those for microbial or animal cell cultures, but, in special cases, where the mineral components influence the productivity of secondary metabolites, the kind of salts used for the electrode must be taken into consideration. 

Bugarski, B., Jovanovic, G., and Vunjak, G., Bioreactor systems based on microencapsulated animal cell cultures, in Fundamentals of Animal Cell Encapsulation and Immobilization, Goosen, M.F.A., Ed., CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1993, pp. 267-296. 

Scheirer, W. and Merten, O.-W. (IWl) Instrumentation of animal cell culture reactors, pp. 405-443. In Animal Cell Bioreactors, C.S. Ho, D.I.C. Wang, Eds., Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA... 

Colhgnon M-L, Delafosse A, Crine M, Toye D. (2010) Axial impeller selection for anchorage dependent animal cell culture in stirred bioreactors methodology based on the impeller comparison at just-suspended speed of rotation. Chem. Eng. Sci., 65 5929-5941. 

Langheinrich C, Nienow AW, Eddleston T, Stevenson NC, Emery AN, Clayton TM, Slater NKH. (2002) Oxygen transfer in stirred bioreactors under animal cell culture conditions. Food Bioproduct. Proc. (Trans I Chem.E, Part C), 80 39-44. 

Animal and Plant Cell Cultures. Bioprocess engineering incorporating animal cell culture is used primarily for the production of health care products such as viral vaccines or antibodies in traditional fermenters or bioreactors with immobilized cells. Antibodies, for example, are produced in bioreactors with hoUow-fiber immobilized animal cells. Plant cell culture is also an important target of bioprocess engineering. However, only a few processes have been successfully developed. One successful process is the production of the pigment shikonin in Japan. Shikonin is used as a dye for coloring food and has applications as an anti-inflammatory agent. 

A CCA is a physical replica of the structure of a PBPK where cells or engineered tissues are used in organ compartments to achieve the metabolic and biochemical characteristics of the animal. Cell culture medium circulates between compartments and acts as a blood surrogate. Small-scale bioreactors with the appropriate cell types in the physical device represent organs or tissues. 

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