Bioreactors cell culture reactors

Scheirer, W. and Merten, O.-W. (IWl) Instrumentation of animal cell culture reactors, pp. 405-443. In Animal Cell Bioreactors, C.S. Ho, D.I.C. Wang, Eds., Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA... 

Until now, bioreactors of various types have been developed. These include loop-fluidized bed [14], spin filter, continuously stirred turbine, hollow fiber, stirred tank, airlift, rotating drum, and photo bioreactors [1]. Bioreactor modifications include the substitution of a marine impeller in place of a flat-bladed turbine, and the use of a single, large, flat paddle or blade, and a newly designed membrane stirrer for bubble-free aeration [13, 15-18]. Kim et al. [19] developed a hybrid reactor with a cell-lift impeller and a sintered stainless steel sparger for Thalictrum rugosum cell cultures, and cell densities of up to 31 g L1 were obtained by perfusion without any problems with mixing or loss of cell viability the specific berberine productivity was comparable to that in shake flasks. Su and Humphrey [20] conducted a perfusion cultivation in a stirred tank bio-... 

Alternatively, some subunit viral vaccines can be generated by rDNA techniques and expressed in a continuous cell line or insect cells. Recent advances in bio reactor design and operation have improved the successful production of IPV in large-scale bioreactors. However, roller bottles or flasks are still used for most current vaccine production. Development of insect cell culture will allow for very large-scale liquid suspension culture (143). Several vaccine candidates such as gpl60 for HIV and gD protein for herpes have been demonstrated in the insect cell culture system. However, no vaccine has... 

Bioreactors employing plant cell cultures have use in chemicals production systems and in micropropagation (biomass) systems, as well. Factors related to the performance of these reactors from an engineering point of view have been addressed in this paper. Some preliminary data from our laboratory suggest how mass... 

Airlift reactors are an alternative bioreactor in which the agitation is accomplished by a clear cyclic pattern of air flow through both a riser and a downflow reactor compartment. Stirred tank and airlift reactors are most often used for aerobic cell cultures. Airlift reactors are often utilized to culture plant and animal cells because they typically have lower shear levels. ... 

A bioreactor is a reactor in which enzymes or living cells catalyze the biochemical transformations. It is frequently called a fermenter whether the transformation is carried out by living cells or in vivo cellular components (enzymes). Fermentation originally referred to the metabolism of an organic compound under anaerobic conditions. However, modem industrial fermentation includes both aerobic and anaerobic cultures of organisms. Currently, bioreactor and fermenter can be regarded as synonyms. 

Some of the efforts, so far, to model such membrane bioreactors seem to not have considered the complications that may result from the presence of the biomass. Tharakan and Chau [5.101], for example, developed a model and carried out numerical simulations to describe a radial flow, hollow fiber membrane bioreactor, in which the biocatalyst consisted of a mammalian cell culture placed in the annular volume between the reactor cell and the hollow fibers. Their model utilizes the appropriate non-linear kinetics to describe the substrate consumption however, the flow patterns assumed for the model were based on those obtained with an empty reactor, and would probably be inappropriate, when the annular volume is substantially filled with microorganisms. A model to describe a hollow-fiber perfusion system utilizing mouse adrenal tumor cells as biocatalysts was developed by Cima et al [5.102]. In contrast, to the model of Tharakan and Chau [5.101], this model took into account the effect of the biomass, and the flow pattern distribution in the annular volume. These effects are of key importance for conditions encountered in long-term cell cultures, when the cell mass is very dense and small voids can completely distort the flow patterns. However, the model calculations of Cima et al. [5.102] did not take into account the dynamic evolution of the cell culture due to growth, and its influence on the permeate flow rate. Their model is appropriate for constant biocatalyst concentration. 

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