Cattle fats

Coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry can provide unequivocal on-line spectrometric identification of anthelminthic residues in animal-derived foods. Typical applications of such techniques include the confirmation of moxidectin residues in cattle fat by liquid chromatography-thermospray mass spectrometry (352), and the confirmation of eprinomectin residues in bovine liver tissue by liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization, and multiple reaction monitoring in the MS-MS mode with positive ion detection (370). 

Khunachak, A. Dakunha, A.R. Stout, S.J. Liquid-chromatographic determination of moxidectin residues in cattle tissues and confirmation in cattle fat by Uquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry. J. AOAC Int. 1993, 76, 1230-1235. 

Prodncts and Uses The substance used in soap stock, leather dressing, candles, greases, and in animal feeds. It is useful as a coating agent, emulsifying (stabilizes and maintains mixes) agent, formulation aid, and as a texturizer. Derived from animal (cattle) fat. 

Organoselenium compounds in particular, once ingested, are slowly released over prolonged periods and result in foul-smelling breath and perspiration. The element is also highly toxic towards grazing sheep, cattle and other animals, and, at concentrations above about 5 ppm, causes severe disorders. Despite this, Se was found (in 1957) to play an essential dietary role in animals and also in humans — it is required in the formation of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase which is involved in fat metabolism. It has also been found that the Incidence of kwashiorkor (severe protein malnutrition) in children is associated with inadequate uptake of Se, and it may well be involved in protection... 

Mastung,/. feeding, fattening fatness. Mastvieh, n. fattening cattle. 

Kinder-, beef, cattle, bovine, -blut, n. oxblood. -bouillon, /. beef broth, -braten, m. roast beef, -fett, n. beef suet, beef fat. -galle, /. ox gall. -klauenSl, n. neat s-foot oil. -mark-fett, n. beef marrow fat, -talg, m. beef tallow, -tuberkulose, /. bovine tuberculosis. 

Recently it was shown that when DDT, benzene hexachloride, or toxaphene is fed or applied to cattle, such organic chlorine residue as may be present in the fatty tissues consists essentially of unchanged insecticide. Carter (12) demonstrated their presence by separating the fats and other oxygenated products with sulfuric acid-sodium sulfate mixture and determining total chlorine. In experiments with DDT Schechter (46) demonstrated its presence in fatty tissue and in butterfat by the Schechter-Haller colorimetric method (47). The residues were then tested for toxicity to houseflies in comparison with the known insecticides of the same concentration. In both cases the known insecticide gave the same mortality as the residue. 

The transfer of PBBs from soil to plants is so low, e.g., Table III and References (6,29), that the only important issue In the agricultural scenario appears to be soli ingestion (and possibly ingestion of groundwater) by cattle. Based on an estimated half-life, tj/2> in beef of 120 days (30) an estimated mass of fat per animal, M, of 67 kg and a soil Ingestion rate, Mg, of 0.72 kg/day (31), a reasonably conservative soll-to-fat bioconcentration factor can be obtained ... 

Distillers Spent Grains. Distillers spent grain is the solid residue left after the grain has been fermented to make spirits, typically whisky. This residue is the unfermentable parts of the grain and is high in fibre. Traditionally, the only outlet for this material was as cattle food or as an effluent. In addition to the fibre, protein, fat and the insoluble vitamins and minerals are present. 

Famphur residues of 1 to 3 mg/kg fresh weight (FW) are common in cattle tissues after normal pour-on applications of the chemical (Annand et al. 1976). The half-time persistence of famphur in subcutaneous fat of cattle after a single pour-on application was 0.9 days and was independent of dose within the range of 25 to 150 mg/kg BW or initial tissue residues between 1.8 and 12.3 mg/kg FW fat residues were <0.08 mg/kg FW 5 days after treatment and <0.01 mg/kg FW after 11 days. These observations suggest that famphur tissue residues are near or below detection levels within 1 week after treatment, even with gross misuse of the chemical (Annand et al. 1976). However, because famphur persists on cattle hair for >90 days at concentrations >1000 mg/kg, this has serious implications for local populations of birds (Henny et al. 1985). 

The black-billed magpie seems unusually sensitive to famphur. Dead famphur-poisoned magpies contained as much as 290 mg famphur/kg liver FW, 4770 mg/kg gizzard FW, and <0.2 mg/kg muscle or fat (Hill and Mendenhall 1980). There is a growing body of literature on adverse effects on magpies from pour-on (13.2% famphur) applications along the backline of cattle to control cattle warbles at the recommended rate of 0.326 mL/kg BW, not to exceed 118 mL/animal — equivalent to 43 mg/kg BW, not to exceed 15.6 g/animal (Felton etal. 1981 Henny etal. 1985 Seel 1985 Smith 1987). Felton etal. (1981) documented three occasions when dead birds were found after pour-on-famphur treatment of cattle against warble flies ... 

After 24 h, mean residue of famphur in subcutaneous fat was 1.8 mg/kg FW, maximum was 2.46 mg/kg FW 87% effective in controlling cattle grubs in calves 100% effective in cows and steers... 

Famphur is administered to livestock by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, through the diet, as a dermal pour-on, or as an oral bolus. In mammals, famphur induced mortality at concentrations as low as 11.6 mg/kg BW in intraperitoneal injection (mouse), 27 mg/kg BW in a single oral exposure (mouse), >33.3 mg/kg BW in an intramuscular injection (Brahman cattle, Bos indicus), and 400 mg/kg BW in a dermal application (rat, Rattus sp.). Latent effects of famphur exposure were reported in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) hinds 1 year posttreatment (altered blood chemistry). Famphur is rapidly metabolized by mammals. The half-time persistence of famphur and famoxon in subcutaneous fat of cattle after a single pour-on application is 0.9 days and is independent of dose between 25 and 150 mg/kg BW or initial tissue residues between 1.8 and 2.3 mg/kg BW. 

Before the banning of mirex for all uses in 1978, the tolerance limits in food for human consumption were 0.1 mg/kg for eggs, milk, and fat of meat from cattle, goats, hogs, horses, poultry, and sheep, and 0.01 mg/kg for all other raw agricultural commodities (Waters et al. 1977 Buckler... 

MEAN CONCENTRATION (WITH POOLED S.E.O OF a-TOCOPHEROL AND /1-CAROTENE IN LIVER, FAT AND MUSCLES (jug/g TISSUE) FROM PASTURE- AND GRAIN-FED CATTLE WITH OR WITHOUT VITAMIN E SUPPLEMENT (N = 8)... 

The last of the fat-soluble vitamins to be identified was vitamin K, found by Dam to be an anti-hemorrhagic factor for young chicks, distinct from vitamin C. Its structure was determined by Dam in collaboration with Karrer. Interest in the vitamin was intensified when it was discovered (Link, 1941) that dicoumarol, present in spoiled sweet clover, was the agent producing hypothrombinemia (giving prolonged blood-clotting time) in cattle. Since vitamin K is structurally similar to dicoumarol, the vitamin was presumptively implicated in thrombin formation. This has been fully substantiated by recent work on the role of vitamin K in the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver. 

Some minor routes of excretion exist sweat, hair, saliva, semen, milk. While these routes out of the body do not count for much as excretory processes, excretion of some chemicals into milk can be important because it constitutes an exposure pathway for infants, if the milk is from their mothers, and for many people if it is from dairy cattle. Many fat-soluble chemicals follow this pathway out of the body, dissolved in the fatty portion of the milk. Excretion of chemicals through milk is common enough to prompt considerable attention from toxicologists. 

FDA has established an action level of 0.3 ppm for chlorinated hydrocarbons found in the fat of the following food-producing animals adult cattle, calves, swine, sheep, goats, and poultry (HSDB 1990). In 1989, ERA recommended a replacement action level of 0.2 ppm for heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide (ERA 1989b). 

The waste products of a home include paper, containers, tin cans, aluminum cans, and food scraps, as well as sewage. The waste products of industry and commerce include paper, wood, and metal scraps, as well as agricultural waste products. Biodegradable wastes, such as paper fines and industrial biosludge, into mixed alcohol fuels (e g., isopropanol, isobutanol, isopentanol). The wastes are first treated with lime to enhance reactivity. Then, they are converted to volatile fatly acids (VFAs) such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, using a mixed culture of microorganisms derived from cattle rumen or anaerobic waste treatment facihties. 

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