Cardiovascular diseases lipids

Cardiovascular disease Lipid profiles Amyloidosis Serum p2-tnicroglobulin... 

Maturity-onset diabetes (now more frequently termed Type II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) is associated with obesity, hyperlipoproteinaemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Lipid metabolism tends to be enhanced and an important characteristic is... 

Thus, it is apparent that soya, some soya products and linseed oil influence blood lipid levels, particularly cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. While the extent of the reduction appears to largely depend on an individual s initial serum cholesterol level, the maximum reductions observed are of the order of 10-15%. For hyperlipidemic individuals this may not be a marked reduction, but such an effect on the general population may well have a beneficial effect on the overall incidence of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The possibility that non-phytoestrogenic dietary components may contribute to the hypocholes-terolemic properties cannot, however, be discounted. Indeed, certain types of dietary fibre have been shown to have a hypolipidemic effect via their ability to increase faecal excretion rates. 

In the last few decades, several epidemiological studies have shown that a dietary intake of foods rich in natural antioxidants correlates with reduced risk of coronary heart disease particularly, a negative association between consumption of polyphenol-rich foods and cardiovascular diseases has been demonstrated. This association has been partially explained on the basis of the fact that polyphenols interrupt lipid peroxidation induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). A large body of studies has shown that oxidative modification of the low-density fraction of lipoprotein (LDL) is implicated... 

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is characterized by the involvement of the heart and allied vascular system. High cholesterol, associated lipid abnormahties and high blood pressure are recognized as the major risk factors of CVD. There have been several animal experiments and clinical studies using rice bran and rice bran oil, which have demonstrated a hypocholesterolemic effect (Raghuram et al., 1989 Rukmini and Raghuram, 1991 Sugano and Tsuji, 1997). The mechanisms involved are briefly summarized. 

Fatty acids play an important role as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, that is by forming plaques within the arteria. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) are seen as the most important risk factor. In the clinical chemistry laboratory, both LDLs and HDLs (high density lipids, considered as an anti-atherogenic factor) are determined. 

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids and the development of fibrosis in arterial walls. It is the pathophysiologic process behind cardiovascular disease whose clinical... 

Existing data regarding the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and consumption of carotenoids, especially (3-carotene, are not clear. Even though (3-carotene is able to reduce lipid peroxidation in the LDL, a process probably involved in the pathogenesis... 

As in the case of other cardiovascular diseases, the possibility of antioxidant treatment of diabetes mellitus has been studied in both animal models and diabetic patients. The treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with a-lipoic acid reduced superoxide production by aorta and superoxide and peroxynitrite formation by arterioles providing circulation to the region of the sciatic nerve, suppressed lipid peroxidation in serum, and improved lens glutathione level [131]. In contrast, hydroxyethyl starch desferrioxamine had no effect on the markers of oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Lipoic acid also suppressed hyperglycemia and mitochondrial superoxide generation in hearts of glucose-treated rats [132],... 

A complete history and physical examination should assess (1) presence or absence of cardiovascular risk factors or definite cardiovascular disease in the individual (2) family history of premature cardiovascular disease or lipid disorders (3) presence or absence of secondary causes of hyperlipidemia, including concurrent medications and (4) presence or absence of xanthomas, abdominal pain, or history of pancreatitis, renal or liver disease, peripheral vascular disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, or cerebral vascular disease (carotid bruits, stroke, or transient ischemic attack). 

The primary goal of lipid-lowering therapies in CKD is to decrease the risk for progressive atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (Table 76-1). 

Of the two subjects, Mr Leene is at the greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite his healthier lifestyle Mr Leene has a family history of vascular disease (brother who died of a stroke), clinical signs of lipid deposits (yellow patches in skin) and a very poor lipid profile. Lipid-lowering drug intervention is required in this subject. 

Chronic use of large amounts of caffeine has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, this finding is debated because statistically adjusting for other risk factors shows a minimized added risk for caffeine (Grobbee et al. 1990). Nonetheless, a lipid fraction of boiled coffee dose-dependently elevates cholesterol and low density lipoproteins, which is prevented by the filtered preparation of coffee (Pirich et al. 1993). Another potential influence on cardiovascular disease is an elevation of homocysteine levels, which also occurs in drinkers of filtered coffee (Nyg rd et al. 1997). Genotoxicity... 

A 42-year-old man presents with a chief complaint of intermittent claudication during exercise. His fomHy history is significant for the presence of cardiovascular disease on his fether s side, but not on his mother s side. Physical exam reveals xanthelasmas and bilateral tendon xanthomas. A plasma lipid profile reveals a cholesterol level of 340 mg/dL, with a high LDL/HDL ratio. He is given instructions for dietary modifications and a prescription for Zocor (simvastatin). 

For many years, alterations in APOE and defects in the APOE gene have been associated with dysfunctions in lipid metabolism, cardiovascular disease, and atherosclerosis. During the past 25 years, an enormous amount of studies clearly documented the role of APOE-4 as a risk factor for AD, and the accumulation of the APOE-4 allele has been reported as a risk factor for other forms of dementia and CNS disorders (1,12,18-20,47.488). 

As noted above, obesity is a health problem. It is associated with both elevated mortality and morbidity. More specifically, obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke, and for high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes, and hyperlipidemia (elevated levels of lipids in the blood, a risk factor for atherosclerosis and its sequelae), and for cancer. 

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