Carcinoma Synchronous

Perillyl alcohol induced apoptosis and was more effective than perillaldehyde at inhibiting the proliferation of human carcinoma cell lines cultured in vitro [319]. Perillyl alcohol treatments suppressed cell growth [313-315], reduced cyclin D1 RNA and protein levels and prevented the formation of active cyclin D1 associated with kinase complexes in synchronous cells during the exit of GO and entry into the cell cycle [284, 316, 317]. In addition, perillyl alcohol treatment induced an increased association of p21 [316-318] with cyclin E-Gdk2 complexes, inhibited the activating phosphorylation of Gdk2 [312, 316, 318-320], initiated apoptosis [321-324] and suppressed small G-protein isoprenylation... 

Lassaletta L, Alonso S, Granell J, et al. Synchronous glottic granular cell tumor and subglottic spindle cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998 124(9) 1031-1034. 

SYNCHRONOUS ENDOMETRIAL AND OVARIAN, TUBAL, AND PERITONEAL CARCINOMAS... 

Irving JA, Catasus L, Gallardo A, et al. Synchronous endometrioid carcinomas of the uterine corpus and ovary Alterations in the beta-catenin (CTNNBl) pathway are associated with independent primary tumors and favorable prognosis. Hum Pathol. 2005 36 605-619. 

Buttin BM, Powell MA, Mutch DG, et al. Increased risk for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer-associated synchronous and metachronous malignancies in patients with microsatellite instability-positive endometrial carcinoma lacking MLHl promoter methylation. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 10 481-490. 

Another important and more reliable use of progestogens is in the diagnosis and treatment of menstrual disorders. Additional therapeutic applications include endometriosis and endometrial carcinoma. A major agricultural use is in animal husbandry to synchronize the estrus in breeding cattle and sheep. 

In CML, HU largely has been replaced by imatinib. HU has produced anecdotal, temporary remissions in patients with advanced cancers (e.g., head and neck or genitourinary carcinomas, melanoma). HU has been incorporated into several schedules with concurrent irradiation, as it can synchronize cells into a radiation-sensitive phase of the cell cycle. 

P. Pierard, P. Vermijlen, T. Bosschaerts, et al. (2000). Synchronous roentgenographically occult lung carcinoma in patients with resectable primary lung cancer. Chest, 117, 779-785. 

Primary hepatic tumors, mostly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), are the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Their frequency is progressively increasing worldwide and major investigations are under way to improve their dismal prognosis. Similarly, the presence of synchronic or metachronic liver metastases from different tumors (colorectal, pancreas, breast, etc.) significantly decreases the probability of survival. Early detection of liver tumors enables implementation of curative therapies, the selection of which depends upon the volume and extension of the tumor, as well as on the functionality of the remaining liver parenchyma. 

Endometrioid carcinomas represent 8% of all ovarian carcinomas. They occur with synchronous endometrial carcinomas or endometrial hyperplasia in up to 33% of cases [39]. Furthermore, an association with breast cancer has been reported [2]. Rarely, endometrioid carcinoma may arise from endometriosis [40]. Bilateral ovarian involvement is encountered in 30%-50% of cases. Macroscopically, these tumors are solid and cystic, the cysts may contain mucinous or greenish fluid. Rarely, solid tumors with extensive hemorrhage or necrosis may be found [2]. 

CTC in symptomatic patients is to be considered when colonoscopy can not be completed or carried out this may occur due to mechanical hindrance such as pelvic adhesions, in cases of high risk of perforation as in complicated diverticular disease, when there is an obstruction due to cancer or extracolonic diseases, when the cecum cannot be reached in extreme dolicocolon conditions, or in patients with poor tolerance to colonoscopy in whom heavy sedation may be dangerous (elderly patients or patients with severe co-morbidity). Such indications are similar to those of double contrast barium enema (DCBE) however, CTC has been shown to be both more accurate and better tolerated than DCBE, and should be used preferentially whenever available (Rocket et al. 2005 Taylor et al. 2005 Taylor et al. 2006). Furthermore, in cases of obstructing colonic cancer, CTC is a valuable tool, as it can be conveniently performed at the time of a contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scan for staging purposes to detect synchronous colorectal carcinomas, metas-... 

McGinn CJ, Miller EM, Lindstrom MJ, et al (1994) The role of cell cycle redistribution in radiosensitization implications regarding the mechanism of fluorodeoxyuridine radiosensitization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 30 851-859 McGinn CJ, Shewach DS, Lawrence TS (1996) Radiosensitiz-ing nucleosides. J Natl Cancer Inst 88 1193-1203 Milas L, Hunter NR, Mason KA, et al (1994) Enhancement of tumor radioresponse of a murine mammary carcinoma by paclitaxel. Cancer Res 54 3506-3510 Milas L, Hunter NR, Mason KA, et al (1995) Role of reoxygenation in induction of enhancement of tumor radioresponse by paclitaxel. Cancer Res 55 3564-3568 Miller EM, Kinsella TJ (1992) Radiosensitization by fluorodeoxyuridine effects of thymidylate synthase inhibition and cell synchronization. Cancer Res 52 1687-1694 Miller SJ, Lavker RM, Sun TT (2005) Interpreting epithelial cancer biology in the context of stem cells tumor properties and therapeutic implications. Biochem Biophys Acta 1756 25-52... 

Yamazaki H, Nishiyama K, Tanaka E et al (2006) Radiotherapy for early glottic carcinoma (TlNOMO) results of prospective randomized study of radiation fraction size and overall treatment time. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64 77-82 Yaromina A, Krause M, Thames H et al (2007) Pre-treatment number of clonogenic cells and their radiosensitivity are major determinants of local tumour control after fractionated irradiation. Radiother Oncol 83 304-310 Zhang T, Lu W, Olivera GH et al (2007) Breathing-synchronized delivery a potential four-dimensional tomother-apy treatment technique. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68 1572-1578... 

The incidence of synchronous neoplasia in the colon has been described at a rate of 1.5-9%. Adenomas harboring in the colon in patients with colon cancer have been reported at an incidence of 27-55%. Fenlon et al. compared CTC to pre-operative double contrast barium enema in the evaluation of patients with an obstructing carcinoma (Fenlon et al. 1999a). CTC identified all ofthe cancers including 2 synchronous cancers proximal to the obstructing mass that were missed by barium enema (Fenlon et al. 1999a). In addition, CTC demonstrated 16 of 18 polyps in the proximal colon. 

---