Thermodynamics of Gas-Carbon Reactions

Heats of reaction at 18° and 1 atm. for the important gas-carbon reactions are presented. When secondary and/or concurrent reactions are possible, data on these reactions are included. In the equations, the carbon is taken to be in the form of jS-graphite. On the basis of /3-graphite having a zero heat of formation, various types of amorphous carbons are reported (1) to have positive heats of formation (+AH) ranging from 1.7 to 2.6 kcal./mole  

Equilibrium constants for the gas-carbon and associated reactions (1) to (7), listed in the previous section, are presented in Table I. The individual concentrations of the species in the equilibrium constants are expressed as partial pressures in atmospheres. From the data (see ref. 2), it is evident that the oxidation of carbon to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide is not restricted significantly by equilibrium considerations at temperatures even up to 4000 K. 

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