Solid electrolyte fuel cells

C. Sigal, and C.G. Vayenas, Ammonia Oxidation to Nitric Oxide in a Solid Electrolyte Fuel Cell, Solid State Ionics 5, 567-570 (1981). 

Iwahara, H. et al.. High temperature type proton conductor based on SrCeOj and its application to solid electrolyte fuel cells. Solid State Ionics, 9/10, 1021-1026 (1983). 

C.T. Sigal and C.G. Vayenas, Ammonia oxidation to nitric oxide in a solid electrolyte fuel cell, Solid St. Ionics 5 567 (1981). 

G.G. Scherer. Interfacial aspects in the development of pol3Tner electrolyte fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 94, 249-257 1997. 

Mobius, H.-H. (1997). On the history of solid electrolyte fuel cells./. Solid State Electrochem. 1 2-16. 

Bae JM, Honma I, Murata M, Yamamoto T, Rikukawa M, Ogata N (2002) Properties of selected sulfonated polymers as proton-conducting electrolytes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 147 189... 

A membrane ionomer, in particular a polyelectrolyte with an inert backbone such as Nation . They require a plasticizer (typically water) to achieve good conductivity levels and are associated primarily, in their protonconducting form, with solid polymer-electrolyte fuel cells. 

Solid electrolyte fuel cells have been investigated intensively during the last four decades.10,33 37 Their operating principle is shown schematically in Fig. 3.4. The positive electrode (cathode) acts as an electrocatalyst to promote the electrocatalytic reduction of O2 (g) to O2 ... 

Fuel cells such as the one shown on Fig. 3.4a convert H2 to H20 and produce electrical power with no intermediate combustion cycle. Thus their thermodynamic efficiency compares favorably with thermal power generation which is limited by Carnot-type constraints. One important advantage of solid electrolyte fuel cells is that, due to their high operating temperature (typically 700° to 1100°C), they offer the possibility of "internal reforming" which permits the use of fuels such as methane without a separate external reformer.33 36... 

In recent years it was shown that solid electrolyte fuel cells with appropriate electrocatalytic anodes can be used for chemical cogeneration i.e. for the simultaneous production of electrical power and useful chemicals. 

Table 3.1. Electrocatalytic reactions investigated in doped Zr02 solid electrolyte fuel cells for chemical cogeneration ...

In solid electrolyte fuel cells, the challenge is to engineer a large number of catalyst sites into the interface that are electrically and ionically connected to the electrode and the electrolyte, respectively, and that is efficiently exposed to the reactant gases. In most successful solid electrolyte fuel cells, a high-performance interface requires the use of an electrode which, in the zone near the catalyst, has mixed conductivity (i.e. it conducts both electrons and ions). Otherwise, some part of the electrolyte has to be contained in the pores of electrode [1]. 

Wang XP, Kumar R, Myers DJ. 2006. Effect of voltage on platinum dissolution relevance to polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Electrochem Solid State Lett 9 A225-A227. 

Thamizhmani G, Capuano GA. 1994. Improved electrocatal)Tic oxygen reduction performance of platinum ternary alloy-oxide in solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cells. J Electrochem Soc 141 968-975. 

Arico AS, Creti P, Antonucci PL, Antonucci V. 1998. Comparison of ethanol and methanol oxidation in a liquid-feed solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell at high temperature. Electrochem Sol Lett 1 66-68. 

Stonehart P. 1994. The role of electrocatalysis in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells. In Drake JAG, editor. Electrochemistry and Clean Energy. Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry. 

Nagata, S. et al., Fabrication of high temperature solid electrolyte fuel cell and power generation test (in Japanese),. High Temp. Soc., 7, 217,1981. 

Progress continues in fuel cell technology since the previous edition of the Fuel Cell Handbook was published in November 1998. Uppermost, polymer electrolyte fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells have been demonstrated at commercial size in power plants. The previously demonstrated phosphoric acid fuel cells have entered the marketplace with more than 220 power plants delivered. Highlighting this commercial entry, the phosphoric acid power plant fleet has demonstrated 95+% availability and several units have passed 40,000 hours of operation. One unit has operated over 49,000 hours. 

C. J. Warde, A. O. Isenberg, J. T. Brown "High-Temperature Solid-Electrolyte Fuel-Cells Status and Programs at Westinghouse," in Program and Abstracts, ERDA/EPRI Fuel Cell Seminar, Palo Alto, CA, June 29-30 to July 1, 1976. 

Dawn M. Bernard , "Water-Balance Calculations for Solid-Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells," Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol. 137, No. 11, November 1990. 

Raistrick, I. D. Electrode assembly for use in a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell, US Patent 4,876,115, 1989. 

Scott, K., Kraemer, S., and Sundmacher, K. Gas and liquid mass transport in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series 1999 11-20. 

Higuchi, E., Uchida, H., Fujinami, T., and Watanabe, M. Gas diffusion electrodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells using borosiloxane electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 2004 171 45-49. 

Lawrence, R. J., and Wood, L. D. Method of making solid polymer electrolyte catalytic electrodes and electrode made thereby. U.S. Patent 4,272,353,1981. Fedkiw, P. S., and Her, W. H. An impregnation-reduction method to prepare electrodes on Naifon SPE. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 1989 136 899-900. Aldebert, P, Novel-Cattin, R, Pineri, M., Millet, P, Doumain, G., and Durand, R. Preparation and characterization of SPE composites for electrolyzers and fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 1989 35 3-9. 

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