Carbon fibre-reinforced concrete

Chung DDL, Carbon fibre reinforced concrete. Final Report, Dept of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, (SHRP-ID/UFR-92-605 PB92-186550), 80, 1992. 

Chen PW, Chung DDL, Carbon-fibre-reinforced concrete as an intrinsically smart concrete for damage assessment during dynamic loading J Am Ceramics Soc, 78(3), 816-818, 1995. 

Ali et al. (1972) studied the effects of carbon fibre orientation and distribution in carbon fibre-reinforced concrete (CFRC). Instrumented impact test results using low-modulus carbon fibres demonstrated substantial increases in impact strength and fracture energy in proportion to the volume fraction of fibres used. Also, the impact strength increases as fibre content is increased. Improvement in fracture energy for polypropylene FRC was reported between 33 and 1000% (Mindess and Vondran, 1988 Banthia et al., 1987a). 

The current high cost of carbon fibres somewhat limits their application. Nevertheless, carbon fibre-reinforced concrete has been used in cormgated units for floor constmction, single and double curvature membrane structures, boat hulls, and scaffold boards. The overall cost may be reduced if other fibres are used in combination with carbon fibre. 

Brandt, A. M., Kucharska, L. (1996) Pitch-based carbon fibre reinforced concretes , in Proc. 4th Materials Engineering Conf, ASCE, Washington, 10-14 November, pp. 271-80. 

While this book is concerned primarily with the mechanical properties and durability of fibre concretes, it is worth mentioning here that carbon fibre reinforced cement or concrete has some very useful electrical properties, because the carbon fibres are electrically conductive. Chen and Chung [112] showed that carbon fibre reinforced concrete was intrinsically a smart concrete that could sense elastic and inelastic deformations and fracture. The change in electrical resistance provides the signal for this. This property also allowed the composite to be used for traffic monitoring and weighing in motion [113]. The change in electrical resistivity with temperature also allowed the fibre reinforced cement to act as a thermistor [114]. 

A. Briggs, Review carbon fibre reinforced cement , Y. Mate/ Sic/ 12,1977, 384-404. S. Akihama, T. Suenaga and T. Nakagawa, Properties and application of pitch based carbon fibre reinforced concrete , Concr. Int Design and Construction. 10, 1988, 40-47. 

Another example given by Meier et al [21] was related to the reinforcement of the City Hall of Gossau. Here a hole had to be cut in a concrete slab to accommodate an elevator. It was reported that the edges of the hole were strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced plastics sheets instead of thick steel plates. This helps retain the aesthetics of the building and after painting, the presence of carbon fibre reinforced plastic sheets was completely disguised. 

The well-known possibilities of the use of textiles and fibres in construction have developed into fields of application ranging from geotextiles to fibre-reinforced concrete, concrete reinforcing armatures made of fibre-reinforced polymers, usually carbon fibre composites (CFCs), textile membranes and sheeting and to constructions made of fibre-reinforced polymers as multi-layer composites. The present book is dedicated to the spectrum of building geotextiles are excluded, since they are less commonly used for building construction and are more common in earthworks, transit structures and landfills. 

Xu Y, Chung DDL, Carbon fibre reinforced cement improved by using silane-treated carbon fibres. Cement Concrete Res, 29(5), 773-776, 1999. 

Ali MA, Majumdar AJ, Payment DL, Carbon fibre reinforcement of cement. Cement Concrete... 

Akihama S, Suenaga T, Nakagawa T, Suzuki K, Influence of fibre strength and polymer impregnation on the mechanical properties of carbon fibre reinforced cement composites. Development in Fibre Reinforced Cement and Concrete, Proc RILEM Symposium 1988, Sheffield, Paper 2.3, 1988. 

Figure 20.50 Effect of PAN based carbon fibers on the tensile strength of cementitious composite. Source Reprinted with permission from Toutanji HA, El-Korchi T, Katz RN, Leatherman GL, Behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced cement composites in direct tension, Cement Concrete Research, 23, 618-626, 1993. Copyright 1993, Elsevier.

Park SB, Experimental-study on the engineering properties of carbon fibre reinforced cement composites. Cement Concrete Research, 21(4), 589-600, 1991. 

Sakai H, Takahashi K, Mitsui Y, Ando T, Awata M, Hoshijima T, Flexural behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced cement composite, American Concrete Institute Report SP 142-7, 121-129. 

Kim TJ, Park CK, Flexural and tensile strength developments of various shape carbon fibre-reinforced lightweight cementitious composites. Cement Concrete Res, 28(6), 955-960, 1998. 

Garden HN, Hollaway LC, Thorne AM, A preliminary evaluation of carbon fibre reinforced polymer plates for strengthening reinforced concrete memhers,Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings, 122(2), 127-142, 1997. 

Prota A, Nanni A, Manfredi G, Cosenza E (2004) Selective upgrade of under-designed reinforced concrete beam-column joints using carbon fibre- reinforced polymers. ACI Struct J Title n... 

Rebars are polymer fibre reinforced-concrete composites, and they are used as primary structures. It is estimated that replacement of steel reinforcing bars by non-corrosive polymer fibres, i.e., by Kevlar or carbon fibres (which gives rise to Kevlar or C-composite bars) for concrete structures produces structures with one-quarter the weight and twice the tensile strength of the steel bar. It is known that, corrosion of steel reinforcement from carbonation or chloride attack can lead to loss of the structural integrity of concrete structures, and such a danger is non-existent for rebars. Thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) values of these fibres are closer to concrete than that of steel, which provides an another advantage and they have the same surface deformation patterns as the steel bars. In addition, they can provide more economy than epoxy-coated steel bars. 

Banthia and Nandakumar (2003) have employed secondary polypropylene micro-fibres to enhance the deformation of steel fibre-reinforced concrete. More recently, Dawood and Ramli (2012) proposed the combination of steel fibres with synthetic and palm fibres as a means of reducing the corrosion problems of fibres and improving the flowing and mechanical properties of concrete. Lee et al. (2012) have shown that the blending of nylon and polypropylene fibres improves the spalling protection of FRC subjected to fire. Azhari and Banthia (2012) have blended carbon fibres and nanotubes in the development of smart stmcture materials, such as strain sensors. 

Firas, S.A., Gilles, E, Robert, L.R., 2011. Bond between carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars and ultra high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) Experimental study. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), pp. 479-485. 

Ohama, Y, Amano, M., Endo, M., 1985. Rroperties of carbon fibre reinforced cement with silica fume. Concrete International, 7(3), pp. 58-62. 

El-Hacha, R., Green, M. and Wight, G. (2001), Experimental and analytical investigation of concrete beams post-strengthened with prestressed carbon fibre reinforced polymer sheets , 9th International Conference and Exhibition, 4—6 July 2001, London. 

Yapa, H. D. and Lees, J. M. (2009), Optimum shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with prestressed carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) straps . Proceedings of the 4th Advanced Composites in Construction (ACIC 09), eds S. Halliwell and C. Whysall, NetComposites, pp. 214-226. 

Tavakkolizadeh, M. and Saadatmanesh, H. (2003), Strengthening of steel-concrete composite girders using carbon fibre reinforced polymer sheets , Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 129, Issue 1, pp. 30-40. 

The modelling of the endurance of the thermoplastic materials reinforced with short fibres was mainly realised in the form of empirical equations, based on concrete experimental data [1296], The typical endurance curves for glass or carbon fibres reinforced nylon 6,6 are depicted in Figure 3.459. A normalised representation, with respect to shows that the degradation ratio of the composite material is 10%, irrespective of the nature of investigated material [1296]. 

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