Damages assessment

If the seat of a condensed phase explosion and an associated crater can be located, this can be quite helpful. Measurement of crater dimensions can enable an approximate estimate of the amount of explosive involved, and also may focus questioning of witnesses or examination of video footage from security cameras. Crater size depends on the mass and nature of the explosive, the nature of the substrate, and the position of the explosive charge relative to the substrate surface. As a first approximation, the diameter of a crater in a uniform substrate varies as the cube root of the explosive mass for a charge on or above the surface. For charges buried just below the surface, the diameter of the crater is proportional to the mass of explosive raised to the power 7/24 this factor allows for the effect of backfilling of the crater by ejected material. Intuitively (and practically), the diameter of the crater in the surface also decreases with distance of the charge above or below the surface. 

Objects in the vicinity of an explosion can often serve as useful post-blast witnesses. Thus for large explosions damage to structural elements of buildings, street furniture, motor vehicles, and glazing can all prove informative. A number of authors have published studies that provide guidance on both damage assessment techniques and interpretation of the data [2-7]. 

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Another part of the debate concern a more philosophical approach, it discusses if passive use values or existence values should be included in economic analysis. The more traditional view emphasizes the necessity for a good to be physical or at least observable in order to get utility from buying it. In the non-use values, consumers get utility from a good without utilizing it physically. According to Diamond and Hausman [26], the CV method should not be used in CBA or damage assessment. They argue that WTP estimates from the CV method are not measurements of... 

Chen P.and Chung, D.D.L., Carbon fiber reinforced concrete as an intrinsically smart concrete for damage assessment during dynamic loading, pp. 168-9, Extended Abstracts, 22st Biennial Conference on Carbon, 1995, pp 168 169. 

Jackman, S.M., et al., DNA damage assessment by comet assay of human lymphocytes exposed to jet propulsion fuels, Environ, Mol. Mutagen., 40, 18, 2002. 

Quantitative nature of the CLL approach. Numerical tolerable exposure levels for pollutants of concern are defined to establish quantitative thresholds for risk characterization therefore the CLL approach provides a basis for quantitative ecosystem risk and damage assessment. 

FACEDAP 1994, Facility and Component Explosive Damage Assessment Program (FACEDAP) - Theory Manual, version 1.2, Protective Design - Mandatory Center of Expertise Technical Report 92-2, Corps of Engineers, Omaha District, Omaha, NE,... 

Frequently, the existence and source of such information is nnknown thns the data are not examined. Even when the existence and sonrces of information are known, decisions must be made in order to make an informed, and often quick decision on the next steps, even if later, one decides not to nse it for a particular application. Knowing about the relevant data gives investigators and analysts the ability to assess the data based on qnality assnrance criteria. This is especially true for users near the end of long decision processes, such as site cleanup, ecological risk assessments, and natural resource damage assessments. 

Natural Resource Damage Assessments (NRDA) under National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration... 

Natural Resource Damage Assessments (also under CWA) Reportable Quantities Releases (Notification to National Response Center)... 

Other information that may be useful does not necessarily relate to the process equipment. For example, there are standard damage assessment references for correlating the damage to conventional construction to the corresponding overpressure wave experienced. However, to use these requires collection of data related to the structures that are damaged, not just the source of the pressure wave. 

Application of Multi-Component Damage Assessment Model (MDAM) for the Toxicity of Metabolized PAH in Hyalella azteca (from Lee and Landrum, 2006)... 

Chapter 4 presents methods of establishing defeat criteria for many targets and gives a correlation of these criteria with target function or use. Commonly used damage assessment methods are reviewed... 

Damage Assessment in Filled Polymers by Ultrasonics , Paper Presented at the 15th Joint Meeting of the JANNAF Service Life Subcommittee, Monterey, CA (April 1978) 71) W J. 

Lipfert, F.W. Dupuis, L.R. Schaedler, J.S. Methods for Mesoscale Modeling for Materials Damage Assessment, Brookhaven National Laboratory Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, BNL 37508, April 1985. 

R. Olinski et al., Oxidative DNA damage Assessment of the role in carcinogenesis, atherosclerosis, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 33, 192-200 (2002)... 

Lee JH, Landrum CH, Koh CH. 2002. Prediction of time-dependent PAH toxicity in Hyalella azteca using a damage assessment model. Environ Sci Technol 36 3131-3138. 

Figure 2.9 Schematic representation of the multicomponent damage assessment model of Lee and Landrum (2006b). The total damage level is linked to the toxic effect.

Lee JH, Landrum PF. 2006a. Application of multi-component damage assessment model (MDAM) for the toxicity of metabolized PAH in Hyalella azteca. Environ Sci Technol 40 1350-1357. 

Natural Resource Damage Assessments (proposed) Yes 59 FR 1062 NOAA 1994... 

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