Smart concret

Chen P.and Chung, D.D.L., Carbon fiber reinforced concrete as an intrinsically smart concrete for damage assessment during dynamic loading, pp. 168-9, Extended Abstracts, 22st Biennial Conference on Carbon, 1995, pp 168 169. 

Smart wall and the smart concrete concept was created by Deborah Chung, from the State University of New York at Buffalo, by embedding electronic properties into materials so that surfaces are able to store electricity and have the intelligence to measure and control climate, as well as to scale the weights above them. 

Carbon fibres can also be used to create other types of smart concretes that can sense and report structural damages. Sandia is exploring candidate smart materials that can he attached to or embedded into structural systems to enable the structure to sense disturbances, process the information and through commands to actuators, and to accomplish some beneficial reaction such as vibration control. 

While this book is concerned primarily with the mechanical properties and durability of fibre concretes, it is worth mentioning here that carbon fibre reinforced cement or concrete has some very useful electrical properties, because the carbon fibres are electrically conductive. Chen and Chung [112] showed that carbon fibre reinforced concrete was intrinsically a smart concrete that could sense elastic and inelastic deformations and fracture. The change in electrical resistance provides the signal for this. This property also allowed the composite to be used for traffic monitoring and weighing in motion [113]. The change in electrical resistivity with temperature also allowed the fibre reinforced cement to act as a thermistor [114]. 

Chen, P. and Chung, D.D.L., Carbon fiber reinforced concrete for smart structures. 

Fire-, blast-, and earthquake-resistant materials and systems Crosscutting innovations Constituent materials New materials Smart systems for design of fire-, blast-, and heat-resistant alternative reinforced structures Survivability reserach Concrete as part of multimaterials systems Noncorroding steel reinforcement Concrete with predictable performance Materials with reduced shrinkage and cracking Reduction of alkali-silica reactions in concrete... 

Concrete Roads (Applicable to smart vital arm only) e Spray with slurry from POOE. e Cover with STS or dry mix. e Weather. e Covsr amal areas or paths serosa roads with 10 cm (4 inches) of earth. Same as for asphalt roads. Same as for brick and lions roads. 

Dutta, P.K., Bailey, D.M., Tsai, S.W., Jensen, D.W., Hayes Jr, J.R., McDonald, W.E., Smart, C.W., Colwell, T., Earl, J.S., and Chen, H.J. (1998) Composite Grid/Frame Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Construction Productivity Advancement Research (CPAR) Program, USACERL Technical Report 98/81. 

The low resistivity of a cfrc enables the concrete to be used as an EMI shield and also function as a smart structure, with a direct relationship between the electrical resistivity and compressive stress [56]. Chung and co-workers have investigated carbon filament cement matrix composites for electromagnetic interference shielding. [57,58]. 

Pu-Woei Chen, Chung DDL, Carbon fiber reinforced concrete as an electrical contact material for Smart structures. Smart Mater Struct, 2, 181-188, 1993. 

Smart Structural Technology for Nondestructive Evaluation of Concrete. Identifies two specific applications for use of tagged particles in construction materials for long-term condition assessment and quality control. These particles were tested in asphalt and Portland cement concrete mixes. 43 pages. SHRP-lD/UFR-92-608... 

Quality policy is the choice of an organisation regarding quality management, usually described in terms of concrete, measurable and time-dependent objectives. The quality policy, which the senior management drafts in general terms and for a prolonged period of time, should always be accompanied with a quality plan and quality objectives. These are valid for a limited period of time, for example for a year. When this period ends, the management should perform an evaluation, which results in new quality plans and quality objectives. To be able to perform an evaluation, the quality objectives should be Specific, Measurable, Acceptable, Realistic and Time bound (SMART). 

Lau K T, Zhou L M, Tse P C and Yuan L B (2002), Applications of composites, optical fibre sensors and smart composites for concrete rehabilitation An overview , Appl Compos Mater, 9(4), 221-247. 

Banthia and Nandakumar (2003) have employed secondary polypropylene micro-fibres to enhance the deformation of steel fibre-reinforced concrete. More recently, Dawood and Ramli (2012) proposed the combination of steel fibres with synthetic and palm fibres as a means of reducing the corrosion problems of fibres and improving the flowing and mechanical properties of concrete. Lee et al. (2012) have shown that the blending of nylon and polypropylene fibres improves the spalling protection of FRC subjected to fire. Azhari and Banthia (2012) have blended carbon fibres and nanotubes in the development of smart stmcture materials, such as strain sensors. 

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