Fibre reinforced polymer

The generic thermosets are the epoxies and the polyesters (both widely used as matrix materials for fibre-reinforced polymers) and the formaldehyde-based plastics (widely used for moulding and hard surfacing). Other formaldehyde plastics, which now replace bakelite, are ureaformaldehyde (used for electrical fittings) and melamine-formaldehyde (used for tableware). 

More data on polymers and other fibre-reinforced polymers can be found in the proceedings of various ICMC (International Cryogenic Materials Conference) meetings devoted to non-metallic materials and composites at low temperatures [113-117] and some special issues of the journal Cryogenics [118-120]. 

Compared to neat polymer and glass fibre reinforced polymer ... 

HDT increases and becomes intermediate between neat and glass fibre reinforced polymers... 

Reinforcement ratios based on tensile strength and modulus of carbon fibre reinforced polymers various... 

Subclass B2 is formed by the so-called structural composites, in which an outspoken mechanical reinforcement is given to the polymer. Subgroup B21 consists of blends of polymers with compatible anti-plasticizers subgroups B22 are the most important the fibre-reinforced polymer systems. The two components, the polymer matrix and the reinforcing fibbers or filaments (glass, ceramic, steel, textile, etc.) perform different functions the fibrous material carries the load, while the matrix distributes the load the fibbers act as crack stoppers, the matrix as impact-energy absorber and reinforcement connector. Interfacial bonding is the crucial problem. 

J.A.H. Hult, and F.G. Rammerstorfer, Engineering Mechanics of Fibre Reinforced Polymers and Composite Structures, Springer Verlag, 1994. 

ISO, Standard test method for mode I interlaminar fracture toughness, G/c, of unidirectional fibre-reinforced polymer matrix Composites. ISO 15024 2001. Blackman, B.R.K., H. Hadavinia, A.J. Kinloch, M. Paraschi and J.G, Williams, The calculation of adhesive fracture energies in mode I revisiting the tapered double cantilever beam (TDCB) test. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 2003. 70 p. 233-248. BSI, Determination of the mode I adhesive fracture energy, Gic, of structural adhesives using the double cantilever beam (DCB) and tapered double cantilever beam (TDCB) specimens. 2001. BS 7991. 

Blackman, B.R.K., Brunner, A.J., (1998) Mode I Fracture Toughness Testing of Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites Unidirectional versus Cross-ply Lay-up , Proceedings 12" European Conference on Fracture ECF-12 Vol. Ill, Fracture from Defects, EMAS Publishing, pp. 1471-1476. 

ISO 15024. (2001) Standard test method for mode I interlaminar fracture toughness, G/c, of unidirectional fibre-reinforced polymer matrix composites. 

Paraffins, PE and metals, such as Pb and Sn, have microhardness values below 100 MPa. Semicrystalline polyoxymethylene, PET, chain-extended PE, poly(ethylene 2,6 naphthalate) and metals, such as Al, Au, Ag, Cu and Pt, have values between 100 and 300 MPa. The microhardness values of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer composites are about 900 MPa and those for the common metals Zn and Co are 2000 and 4000 MPa, respectively, while for white steel it is 5000 MPa. 

Traditional composite panels are made from veneers and from mat-formed eomposites bonded by adhesive. More recently wood has also been combined (eompression moulded or extruded) with synthetic polymers, e.g. thermoplastic polymers, to make wood-polymer composites (WPC). WPC products have been growing very rapidly in the recent years, especially in the deeking market, where Woleott (2004) observed that their market share has grown from 2% in 1997 to 14% in 2003. Further, much research work has explored the use of fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) to enhance the structural performance of engineered wood eomposites, ealled FRP-wood hybrid composites (Dagher et ai, 1998 Shi, 2002). 

Shi SQ (2001) Chapter 11 Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) - wood hybrid composites. In Williamson TE (ed), APA Handbook on Engineered Wood. McGraw-Hill, New York Shukla NK, Rajput SS, Lai M, and Khanduri AK (1994) Studies on the variation of density and strength properties from pith to periphery in Populus deltoides. Journal of Indian Academy of Wood Science, 2(2) 1-6 Siau JF (1984) Transport processes in wood. Springer-Verlag, Berlin... 

Recently, much attention is being placed on fibres-reinforced/polymer systems as subjects of study. It was caused by increasing emphasis on high performance reinforced polymer composites. The concept of acid/base interactions across the fibre/polymer interface was noted particularly and the relevance of acid/base theories to the behaviour of po-... 

Ceramics are also being used in conjunction with resins. Ceramic papers have been developed in Japan, and ceramic fibre reinforced polymers in the USA. 

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