Other Fibres

Other reinforcing fibres, of less commercial importance, include asbestos, boron, and nylon fibres. 

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It is used in the dispersed form as a dye for acetate silk, though it has no affinity for other fibres. It is also used as a starting point for alkyl- or acyl-aminoanlhraquinones which are used either as vat dyes or, after sulphona-tion, as acid wool dyes. 

Glass fibres are the preferred form of reinforcement for polyester resins since they provide the strongest laminates. Fabrics from other fibres may, however, be used and can in some instances provide adequate reinforcement at lower cost. Glass fibres are available in a number of forms, of which the following are the most important ... 

From this table it may be seen that carbon fibre has low energy absorbing capability compared with the other fibres. However, the other fibres are not as stiff. Hence it is... 

Good results have been obtained with the PDMS fibre (the first marketed and most popular). Other fibres were tested later and the PDMS/DVB fibre seemed to be a bit more... 

A strong, firm, tightly woven, durable fabric usually of cotton but sometimes of linen, hemp or other fibres. It is produced in a variety of weights. Dunlop Process... 

More data on polymers and other fibre-reinforced polymers can be found in the proceedings of various ICMC (International Cryogenic Materials Conference) meetings devoted to non-metallic materials and composites at low temperatures [113-117] and some special issues of the journal Cryogenics [118-120]. 

The versatility of this system is reflected in its suitability for blends of wool with other fibres [89]. The ideal conditions for the dyeing of wool/acrylic blends are at pH 4-5 and Albegal SET inhibits the risk of co-precipitation between Lanaset anionic dyes and basic dyes. Lanaset dyes are quite stable when dyeing polyester/wool at pH 4-5 and 115-120°C using Irgasol HTW (Ciba) as wool protectant. These dyes are also suitable for dyeing wool in its blends with silk, nylon or cellulosic fibres. 

Numerous other fibres have specific uses ... 

The most widespread and widely known are Kevlar and Twaron. AF are used especially in high- and medium-performance applications they are also used with other fibres to create a hybrid reinforcement. 

As for the other fibres, reinforcement with continuous aramid fibres leads to the highest performances. 

Dietary factors may also be important in gallstone pathogenesis - such as intake of total calories, cholesterol, refined carbohydrates and dietary fibre. As discussed below, the amount of bran, and of other fibre components, in the diet may influence the formation of deoxycholic acid (DCA) in the intestine, its subsequent absorption and its enrichment of bile with DCA conjugates. 

Further Functionalisation. Molecular features required for the application of the dyes in a particular application are often added after the formation of the dye. The best examples are the groups required for the reactive dyeing of cel-lulosics and other fibres and the quatemisation of dyes used on polyacrylonitrile (see section 2.3.2.1). 

An alternative way of classifying dyestuffs is by their application areas, but as there is large overlap between product structural classes and their uses, it is less satisfactory. However, from a commercial standpoint it is the application method that determines the potential of a dyestuff and the reason for its industrial manufacture and sales. In this section the different application methods will be described mainly in relation to the end use, e.g. the dyeing or printing of cotton and other fibres, the coloration of paper or leather, the use in food and cosmetics etc. 

B. A. Bkogman.—A filter of cotton or other fibre between two perforated plates or frames. 

Artificial silks have a characteristic microscopic appearance which renders easy their distinction from other fibres in general and from ordinary silk in particular. The principal difference is the large diameter, but it must be borne in mind that when preparations are made in water, as is usually the case, the fibres swell considerably. 

Distinction between Raw and Bleached Products.—In the raw state, many textile fibres, such as flax, hemp, jute, etc., exhibit a colour quite distinct from white and in these cases the distinction between raw and bleached products is simple and is made by the eye. Other fibres, however, such as those of cotton and wool, are often white in the unbleached state and in such cases the distinction between the raw and bleached products cannot be made by the eye but requires investigation. 

Pentoses contained in hemicellulose are used to produce furfural, a useful industrial chemical, used as a solvent for resins and waxes and in petrochemical refining. It is also used as a feedstock for a range of aromatic substances (it has an almond odour) including preservatives, disinfectants and herbicides. Furfural can be converted to furfuryl alcohol and used to make resins for composite applications with fibreglass and other fibres. These are of interest in the aircraft component and automotive brake sectors. Furfural is commercially derived from acid hydrolysis of waste agricultural by-products, such as sugarcane bagasse, com cobs and cereal brans. Around 450 000 tonnes is produced by this method per year. 

By far the most produced fibre in the world is cotton. Its production is almost 30 times that of jute (Figure 5.11). The extended industrial textile applications of cotton account for such huge production. Nevertheless, it is the other fibres that occupy an important place in biomaterials production. We should also note that most of the natural fibres (except wood) come from emerging countries, especially from Asia. 

The proposals by ICI and other chemical companies to invest millions of pounds in the production of a new fibre are already meeting widespread opposition. While nylon andpolyester and the other fibres which have been in use since the dawn of civilisation are manufactured in conventional chemical plants, the new fibre, known as WOOL (Wildlife Origin Oily Ligament) will be grown on the backs of a specially developed breed ofOvis musimon. 

Structural adhesives based on polyurethanes are used widely in the transport industry, especially for bonding plastics reinforced with glass or other fibres. They are used also as sealants in glazing for motor vehicles—most notably following the introduction in recent years of front and rear windows bonded as elements in the construction. 

The mechanical properties of paracrystalline aramides and other high-performance polymeric fibres are shown in Table 19.11. In comparison some other fibres are mentioned in this table (see also Sect. 13.6). Aramide fibres display a very high refractivity (refractive index and strong birefringence // 2.2, n 1.6). 

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