Carbon fiber classifications carbonized fibers

Thus in this chapter on ACF we are dealing with the overlap or intersection of two classes of carbon materials carbon fibers and active carbons. This is illustrated in the Venn diagram. Fig. 1, which is based on a classification of carbon materials recommended by lUPAC [11]. 

Fig. 1. Venn diagram illustrating where active carbon fibers lie in the classification of carbon materials.

Manual code system, in searching patent literature, 18 223-225 Manual of Classification, 18 209 Manuals of Policies and Procedures (MAPPs), 13 688 Manufactured carbon, 4 735 Manufactured fibers, 11 165, 174-175 24 613-614, 616-618. See also Regenerated fibers Synthetic fibers olefin, 11 231-242 regenerated cellulose, 11 247 Manufactured graphite, 4 735 Manufactured products, nanotechnology and, 17 44-45 Manufactured water, 26 96 Manufacturing... 

Classification of Carbon Fibers Based on Their Precursors and Their Characteristics... 

N2 adsorption isotherms obtained for the activated carbon fibers are of type I according to the lUPAC classification [21], typical of essentially microporous samples. 

ASTM classification Unit Heat-resistant High-strength High-glass/epoxy Carbon fiber/epoxy... 

This section covers PAN, pitch and cellulose based carbon fibers, but does not include vapor grown carbon fibers, although such fibers can be spun into staple yarns and converted to chopped fiber. A classification designating the various levels of carbon fiber architecture is outlined in Figure 21.1. 

It is also common practice to classify filter media by their materials of construction. Examples are cotton, wool, linen, glass fiber, porous carbon, metals and rayons. Such a classification is convenient for selection purposes, especially when resistance to aggressive suspensions is a consideration. We may also classify media according to structure, with typical classes being rigid, flexible and semi-rigid or combination media. 

Bansal and coworkers stndied the adsorption isotherms of Cn(ll), NI (II), and Cr(IV) and Cr(VI) ions on grannlated and flbrons activated carbons from aqueous solutions. The adsorption isotherms are Type I of the BET classification, showing initially a rapid adsorption tending to be asymptotic at higher concentrations. The uptake of these cations was generally smaller in case of the fibrous activated carbons (activated carbon fibers) compared with grannlated carbons, which could not be explained on the basis of snrface area alone. In order to examine... 

Similar to the Types la and lb fibers, the Type Ic fibers consist of a thin, conductive metal layer electrodeposited upon a carbon base fiber (see Figure 5). Their manufacture is described by Morin(27) and by HaU and Ando(25). The paper by Hall and Ando provides a good overview of their properties and characteristics. Nickel plated exPAN carbon fiber are typical of the Type Ic fibers that are readily commercially available. General uses for Type Ic fibers are in ESI shielding, conductive adhesives and paints, conductive fabrics, and high performance electric contacts(2P). They are included in the Type 1 category because their conductivity is characteristically metallic. Thus, by this convention they appear in the Type 1 classification while the various other carbon fibers fall into the Type 2 category. 

There is no formal classification. However, carbon fiber yarn is sometimes judged by linear density, which is weight per unit length, or rated by number of filaments/ yarn count. Carbon fibers are rated by their measured modufus in GPa. 

One classification scheme for carbon fibers is by tensile modulus on this basis, the four classes are standard, intermediate, high, and ultrahigh moduli. Fiber diameters normally range between 4 and 10 p-m both continuous and chopped forms are available. In addition, carbon fibers are normally coated with a protective epoxy size that also improves adhesion with the polymer matrix. 

Several types of classification of biocomposites are known, though Fig. 21.32 presents the main kinds of biocomposites based on type the of the reinforcement used. The first group includes short fiber biocomposites, whisker and blade-reinforced biocomposites, for example carbon fibers, which are used for hip replacement stems or producing high-tech performance products. Continuous fiber biocomposites found their applications in military aircraft, orthopedic bone plates, etc. The last category, particulate and powder biocomposites, may be used in field of dentistry, packaging, and many other fields [2]. 

To rapidly evaluate the effects of process variables, online characterization of size, number concentration, and purity of carbon nanotubes is needed, and in this section we describe such an approach, wherein a DMA is employed. As noted in Section 9.2.2, the DMA is capable of online classification of fibers [42,44,45]. In addition, Maynard et al. have classified nanotubes using the DMA, although a method for determining CNT size was not explicitly developed [67]. 

In this chapter, we first give an overview of carbon membrane materials (Section 10.2) and the classification of carbon membranes (Section 10.3). Then, unsupported carbon membranes, based on planar membranes and asymmetric hollow fiber membranes are discussed (Section 10.4). In Section 10.5, the supported CMSMs are reviewed in detail in terms of precursors, supports, fabrications and problems. In Section 10.6, carbon-based membrane reactors are discussed in detail, based on the topics of dehydrogenation reactions, hydration reactions, hydrogen production reactions, H2O2 synthesis, bio-diesel synthesis, and new carbon membranes for carbon membrane reactors (CMRs). In the end, the new concept of using carbon membranes in microscale devices (microcarbon-based membrane reactor) is outlined (Section 10.7). 

High performance concrete (HPC), 13 542 High performance fibers, 13 369-401 applications of, 13 388-392 carbon-nanotube, 13 385-386 characteristics of, 13 369 classification by types of application,... 

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