Carbon-completeness

The energy and reducing power necessary (E) for the synthesis of cell substance, i. e., growth and multiplication, can be made available simultaneously with the synthesis of the central precursor. If this assimilatory energy (Ea) is not sufficient (Ea< E) to convert the precursor-carbon completely into biomass, further substrate must be dissimilated. 

After the reaction, freeze the solution and lyophilize to remove excess ammonium carbonate. Complete removal of volatile salt can be accomplished by re-dissolving the solid in warm methanol. After the completion of CO2 evolution, dry the saccharide by evaporation under vacuum. Removal of ammonium carbonate is essential, as the ammonium ion will interfere with any subsequent conjugations attempted with the glycosylamine derivative. 

Calcium carbonate is not soluble in water. The addition of the standard acid to a tablet immersed in water causes it to dissolve, but rather slowly. A direct titration is not appropriate because the reaction is not fast, and it would be difficult to detect the end point. A back titration is therefore useful because the standard acid can be added in excess so that the calcium carbonate completely dissolves. The excess acid can then be titrated with a standard base. 

A rather different allene cyclization that takes place in tandem with an alkylative process has been described by Trost and Urabe [66] (Eq. 13.52). Exposure of ketoal-lene 169 to divinylmethylaluminum 170 in dichloromethane solution leads to 171 in 60% yield. The mechanism of this alkylative cyclization involves complexation of the Lewis acidic aluminum to the carbonyl oxygen atom, followed by ring closure, leading to zwitterion 172. Intramolecular transfer of a vinyl group from aluminum to carbon completes the process. 

Nitrogen and oxygen can be Incorporated Into the backbone such that they are surrounded by different atom types. For example, organic peroxides contain two covalently bonded oxygen atoms that form the peroxide linkage. These molecules are Inherently unstable. Two covalently bonded nitrogen atoms are also similarly unstable. These unstable structures decompose to form smaller unstable molecules that are used to start the polymerization for some types of monomers. Thus, to be incorporated implies that the molecules are found only singularly in the backbone chain. Sulfur and silicon are considered to be chain formers. They can be found in the backbone in multiple units connected covalently to molecules of the same type or with carbon. Complete molecules with a silicon backbone are possible, and molecules with multiple sulfur links incorporated into the system are common, particularly in sulfur-crosslinked rubber. 

This representation is called a structural formula, in which lines depict two electron bonds between atoms. Look at the propane structure and observe that the 4 bonds to each carbon complete its valence orbitals with 8 electrons. 

Aromatic nucleophilic radiofluorinations are usually performed in aprotic polar solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sulfolane or dimethylacetamide, and often under basic conditions (because of the presence of Kryptofix-222 / potassium carbonate). Completion of the p F]fluoride incorporation often requires moderate to high temperatures (100-170 °C) for 10-30 min. Microwave technology can be a successful application here, resulting in improved yields and shorter reaction times [29,170-173],... 

After being washed with carbonate, nitroglycerine is subjected to a final washing with water at first with hot water at 50-70°C and finally with cold water, in order to remove the sodium carbonate completely. Frequently the washing operations are shortened to 5 min except for the sodium carbonate wash, which lasts each 15 min. 

Once the expansion starts in the dilatometer carbonization, complete softening of the coal sets in. The plastic zone will be terminated by resolidification. 

Rapid seal and gasket material degradation in the presence of high pH (basic) environments such as inhibitors, carbonates (completion fluids). 

Customarily, carbon completes its valence-shell octet by sharing electrons with other atoms. In compounds with shared electron bonds (or covalent bonds) such as methane, ethane, or tetrafluoromethane, each of the bonded atoms including carbon has its valence shell filled, as shown in the following electron-pair or Lewis6 structures ... 

Addition of the appropriate number of hydrogens on each carbon completes the valence of 4. 

Given the information that the more reactive a metal is, the less easy it is to break down the metal carbonate, complete the table to show the identity of each metal A, B, C, D and E. 

Petroleum is a diverse mixture of hydrocarbons—chemical combinations of primarily hydrogen and carbon. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons yields the end products of carbon dioxide (C02) and water (H20). However, incomplete combustion results in a composite mixture of other products such as C02, H20, carbon monoxide (CO), and various oxygenated hydrocarbons. Since burning petroleum consumes air, nitrogen compounds are also formed. In addition, other elements are associated with hydrocarbon compounds such as sulfur, nickel, and vanadium. 

Platinum is very slowly attacked by hot concentrated sulphuric acid, particularly at about 250° to 280° C.,s but the introduction of sulphur dioxide into the liquid, by addition of a piece of sulphur or carbon, completely prevents the solution of the metal. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen are without influence, but arsenious and antimonious oxides exert a marked protective effect upon the metal. It is suggested that in the case of the pure acid, dissociation of sulphur trioxide into dioxide and oxygen takes place, the last named attacking the platinum. The sulphur dioxide, when added from an external source, owes its protective influence to the fact that it represses the dissociation, whilst the arsenious and antimonious oxides act by absorbing the oxygen.6... 

Stucki et al. studied the destruction of benzoic acid [37] on an Sn02 anode. It required 2Ah to destroy the benzoic acid completely and a little over 10 Ah for the total disappearance of organic carbon from the system, once again suggesting that all of the benzoic acid had been converted to CO2. A similar comparison with Pt and Pb02 anodes revealed that both these electrodes failed to eliminate organic carbon completely. 

The mixture described just above is cooled to 5-10° and carbonated with freshly crushed Dry Ice. A temperature rise usually accompanies carbonation. Completion of the carbonation reaction is indicated by a decrease of the temperatuie to 0-5°. Alcohol (100 ml.) is cautiously added to the mixture, accompanied by vigorous stirring, to consume any unrcacted sodium. Water (350 ml.) is then added and the aqueous phase is separated, filtered, and acidulated with 230 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid, and cooled. The 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid is filtered off, and after one recrystallization from water melts at 126-128°. 

How many mL of 2 M hydrochloric acid should be used to dissolve 10 g of calcium carbonate completely ... 

Another option for secondary smelters is to desulfurize the battery paste prior to smelting. Chemical desulfurization, however, is dependent on physical mixing conditions and temperature. Chemical desulfurization is achieved by adding a concentrated sodium carbonate solution to an agitated mix of battery paste sludge to convert the lead sulfates to lead carbonates. Complete conversion of lead sulfate to lead carbonate eliminates sulfur in the furnace feed material and sulfur dioxide in the exhaust gases. Complete desulfurization is, however, rarely achieved under normal industrial conditions. 

To test our assumption, we conducted polymerization experiments with small amounts of dichlorovinylene carbonate added to VCA. The inhibition effect was marked addition of even less than 0.5% dichlorovinylene carbonate completely suppressed radiation-induced polymerization of VCA under the given conditions. Although this may not be considered convincing proof, it is supported by the effect of reaction conditions on monomer quality the amount of trichloroethylene carbonate increases with more drastic chlorination condi-... 

Proton loss from a carbon atom adjacent to the positive carbon completes the reaction. H CH,... 

For samples of approximately 10 mL in 16 mm diameter glass vials, 50 /iL of 2 mol/L acid are sufficient for acidification. The sample must then be bubbled for about 10 min to eliminate the inorganic carbon completely. The exact conditions depend on the volume of the sample, the shape of the tube or flask used and the size of bubbles. Each configuration needs some individual adjustment. 

The active ingredients in an antacid tablet contained only calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. Complete... 

Let us start with a consideration of the metal ion-promoted migration of an allylic C=C bond (Scheme 9.3). There are various mechanisms involved in this process, dependent on the electronic properties of the metal ion [12]. In the first case (a), the reactive metal hydride undergoes addition to ti-electrons of the double bond, forming a covalent bond with the more electronegative carbon atom. Abstraction of the hydride ion from the second terminal carbon completes the migration process. More soft metal ions form co-ordinative bonds through their d-electrons and promote migration of the C=C bond via the delocalized n-allylic system (b). 

Silylcupration of Alky nes. A few nonterminal unsymmetrical alkynes have been shown to undergo regioselective silylcupration. Control has been achieved by intramolecular protonation (eq 14) and by having different environments that allow diastereofacial chelation (eq 15), where the vinylsilane was subjected immediately to iododesDylation. When one side of the acetylene has a methyl group and the other a branched carbon, complete regioselectivity is achieved via attachment by the silyl group at the less hindered side. ... 

Alkah carbonates or bicarbonates give pale-green U(OH>4 with U. The precipitate is soluble in HC03" or (NH4)2C03 and reprecipitated on boiling and destroying the excess reagent. Barium carbonate completely precipitates both Th and even in the cold. 

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