Salt Volatile

There are a considerable number of stable crystalline salts of the ammonium ion [14798-03-9] NH. Several are of commercial importance because of large scale consumption in fertiliser and industrial markets. The ammonium ion is about the same size as the potassium and mbidium ions, so these salts are often isomorphous and have similar solubiUty in water. Compounds in which the ammonium ion is combined with a large, uninegative anion are usually the most stable. Ammonium salts containing a small, highly charged anion generally dissociate easily into ammonia (qv) and the free acid (1). At about 300°C most simple ammonium salts volatilize with dissociation, for example... 

CheiDical Designations - Synonyms Hartshorn Salt Volatile Chemical Formula (NHjjjCOj. Observable Characteristics - Physical State (as normally shipped) Solid Color White Odor. Strong ammonia. 

Patented proposals have been made to heat sodium chloride with phosphoric acid (A. Delhaye) zinc or lead pyrophosphate (L. J. F. Margueritte) or ferric phosphate (A. R. Arrott). The resulting soluble sodium phosphate is decomposed by boiling with lime to form sodium hydroxide, which, if needed, can be converted into carbonate by a current of carbon dioxide. These methods are quite impracticable. In 1809, J. L. Gay Lussac and L. J. Thenard proposed to make soda by the action of steam on a mixture of sodium chloride and silica If these two compounds are melted together there is very little action, for the salt volatilizes before anything but a superficial combination takes place, and the action of salt in the glazing of pottery is probably made possible by the aq. vapour in the furnace gases. The sodium silicate formed by the joint action of sodium and... 

In 1914 Lemaire [64] proposed the use of a sheath made of incombustible and inexplosive substances in explosive charges. As an inert material he recommended milled sand, salts containing water of crystallization (e.g. sodium sulphate), salts volatilizing at high temperatures (e.g. sodium chloride, sodium fluoride, cryolite), salts decomposing at high temperatures (e.g. ammonium chloride). Sheaths were made by placing the substance between the dual walls of a paper tube. 

These components are alcohol, glycerine, sugars, colouring matters, albuminoid and tannin substances, inorganic salts (phosphates, sulphates and chlorides of potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium and aluminium), non-volatile organic acids (especially tartaric, malic, succinic and lactic, partly free and partly combined as salts), volatile acids (especially acetic) and esters, the latter being the source of the particular perfume or bouquet of the wine. 

Amm nitrite is an explosive sensitive to heat or shock. When a very small quantity of the dry salt is heated slowly on a spatula, the salt volatilizes and burns with a pale flame. When an appreciable quantity is heated above 60°, a violent expln takes place. Its coned aq soln decomps explosively when heated to 60—70° and if a similar soln is acidified with 1 drop of coned HC1, HNO,. or H2S04 a spontaneous decompn takes place even at room temp. Following props were detnd by Kast(Ref 3) heat of formation 65 keal/mol or 1016 cal/g, heat of expln 803 cal/g, temp of expln 2210°, tot vol of gas evolved on expln 1050 1/kg, vel of deton(V)(calcd) ca4000 m/sec at d ca 1, spec energy(f) 9865 kg/1, brisance (by Kast formula fdV ) 39500 vs 86000 for TNT. Heat of formation in Lange s Handbook is given as — 61.5, while in Hodgman s Handbook it is + 62,5, keal/mol... 

The release of alkaline compounds is also an important factor in coal combustion. Most high-temperature corrosion problems in fossil fuel boilers are the result of salt melts (54,55). Alkali metal compounds volatilize from coal at the high temperatures of conventional combustion and subsequently condense on heat transfer surfaces. The lower temperatures of FBC are expected to reduce salt volatility, a fact that has been confirmed by Vogel et al. (16). 

Ammonium salts generally resemble those of K+ and Rb+ in solubility and, except where hydrogen-bonding effects are important for the structure, since the three ions are of comparable (Pauling) radii NH4 = 1.48 A, K+ = 1.33 A, Rb+ = 1.48 A. Many ammonium salts volatilize with dissociation around 300°C, for example,... 

The second article of Homberg s first Essai dealt with salts—essential salts, fossil salts, and a variety of spirits produced in the distillation process. Homberg regarded essential and fossil salts as mixts because they were easily reduced to other simpler substances. The spirits not yet analyzed into simpler substances had to be considered as salt principles. In this definition within the domain of accomplished analysis, salt principle was a matter soluble in water and one that does not change by fire. Following Fernery s and Charas s classification, Homberg adopted three kinds of salt principles—acid salts, volatile alkali (or urinous) salts and fixed alkali salts ... 

The principle for the construction of the table (shown here as figure 3.2) was simple. The top row of the table comprised different substances often employed in chemistry, numbering sixteen in all. Below them were arranged by different columns a number of substances that reacted with the top substance in the decreasing order of rapports. For example, the first column was headed by acid spirits, which was followed by fixed alkali salt, volatile alkali salt, absorbent earth, and metallic substances. That column represented the chemical experience that fixed alkali salt reacted most favorably with acid spirits and would displace all the substances listed below it from their existing combination with acid spirits. Likewise, volatile alkali salt would displace absorbent earth and metallic substances from their combinations with acid spirits. It would not, however, displace fixed alkali from its combination with an acid spirit. 

Many ammonium salts volatilize with dissociation around 300°, for example ... 

An amine neutralizer is added to solubilize resins containing carboxylic acid functionality. The amine reacts with the resin carboxylic add to form a water soluble salt Volatile amines such as dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), morpholine or ammonia are used to insure that a printed product becomes water resistant upon drying or evaporation of the amine. The type of amine used is selected based on press speed, pH requirement and evaporation rate and press drying capacity. Sodium hydroxide is commonly used in news print ink to maintain re-solubility ( open time ) of the ink on the press. 

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