Sorption efficiency

The experience of application of various efferent methods of endotoxin elimination has led to the idea of creating selective anti-LPS hemosorbents with Polymyxin B as the bioUgand. The covalently immobilized Polymyxin B does not cause side effects characteristic of free Polymyxin B and keeps its therapeutic effects. G.W. Duff in 1982 demonstrated for the first time the sorption efficiency of Polymyxin B-immobilized sorbent in vitro [9]. In 1984 K. Hanasawa with co-workers developed PMX-F - a fibrous polystyrene based hemosorbent with immobilized Polymyxin B that could be used directly for blood perfusion [10]. In 1994 PMX-F sorbent was officially approved for patient treatment in Japan. Currently, there are several polymyxin immobilized (PMX-F) sorbents produced commercially for clinical use, such as Alteca - LPS Absorber (Sweden), Toray Industries hic. (Japan), etc. However these sorbents have poor hemocompatibility and are very expensive. 

In experiments in which ambient air was sampled by three quartz filters in tandem, Cadle et al. (61) proposed to measure the sorption efficiency, E, of a clean filter from the equation... 

Table 3 provides typical maximum values for retentivities under standard conditions. The sorption efficiency e is a variable determined by the characteristics of the particular system, including concentration and temperature. For the purposes of engineering design calculations, it is normally assumed to be unity. 

Interaction on the solid phase involves the hypervariable region of the antibody and sorption efficiency is related to the affinity constant. When this latter is very high and requires elution conditions that can have a deleterious effect on the integrity of the antibody, it may be necessary to chemically modify the structure of the antigen to decrease the affinity constant. 

Keywords Absorptive capacity sorption efficiency erythrocyte toxicity test (osmotic) heme protein restored-iron iron-silica iron-carbon surface modification blood detoxification barbiturates bilirubin blood purification. 

The sorption efficiency of MC was determined as the ratio of the quantity of the adsorbed substance to its initial amount (w / w), expressed in % for a certain ratio (w / w) of adsorbent to substance. Optimal ratios of adsorbent to substance equal 15-20 for barbiturates, 20 - 25 for cyanocobalamin and bilirubin, and 40 - 50 for hemoglobin. The initial concentration of absorbed substances was 100 - 200 pg/ml. The substances were incubated for lmin with MC either in physiological solution or in donor plasma and donor blood at room temperature (pH 7.4). The concentration of substances in the solutions was measured by differential visual and UV-spectroscopy. Concentrations of substances in blood and plasma and adsorption of total plasma proteins was determined by thin-layer chromatography with a fluorescent label. 

Table 2. Sorption efficiency of magnetic carriers (MC) for substances of different molecular mass in physiological solution at pH 7.4...

Changes in the erythrocytes osmotic resistance were not observed. Adsorption of total plasma proteins on modified MC was lower than 12 %, but it was about 60 - 70 % on unmodified particles. Table 6 summarizes the results obtained of MC sorption efficiency to substances of different molecular mass in donor plasma. The sorption mechanism of low and middle molecular weight substances (phenobarbital and cyanocobalamin) on iron-carbon and restored-iron MC is apparently connected with absorption of molecules into the sorbent s pores. Iron-carbon composites have a more porous structure than restored-iron, therefore the... 

Table 5. Sorption efficiency for heme proteins of 2 mg of the gelatin-modified restored-iron MC in 10 ml of donor blood...

All the modified biomaterials have been assessed for the sorption efficiency of cationic metals under previously standardized optimum conditions. Increased sorption efficiency in all the modified biomaterials is observed at biomaterial dosages of 2 and 4 g (Table 3.2). 

The above experiment provides important information that structurally modified biomaterials are sufficient enough at the dosage of 2 g to show good sorption efficiency compared to the 4 g of unmodified biomaterials. This fact exhibits the cost effectiveness of a biomaterial when structurally modified. 

Enhancement of Sorption Efficiency of Different Chemically Modified Zea mays Cob Powder (ZMCP) in Case of Single Metal Solution... 

Carbon-based sorbents are relatively new materials for the analysis of noble metal samples of different origin [78-84]. The separation and enrichment of palladium from water, fly ash, and road dust samples on oxidized carbon nanotubes (preconcentration factor of 165) [83] palladium from road dust samples on dithiocarbamate-coated fullerene Cso (sorption efficiency of 99.2 %) [78], and rhodium on multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with polyacrylonitrile (preconcentration factor of 120) [80] are examples of the application of various carbon-based sorbents for extraction of noble metals from environmental samples. Sorption of Au(III) and Pd(ll) on hybrid material of multiwalled carbon nanotubes grafted with polypropylene amine dendrimers prior to their determination in food and environmental samples has recently been described [84]. Recent application of ion-imprinted polymers using various chelate complexes for SPE of noble metals such as Pt [85] and Pd [86] from environmental samples can be mentioned. Hydrophobic noble metal complexes undergo separation by extraction under cloud point extraction systems, for example, extraction of Pt, Pd, and Au with N, A-dihexyl-A -benzylthiourea-Triton X-114 from sea water and dust samples [87]. 

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