Electrodes hybrid

Fig. 2.1 Hybrid electrode for glucose sensing where glucose oxidase is immobilized on the working electrode through the LB process. Adapted from [25], Y. Okahata et al, Thin Solid Films 1989, 780, 65.

Garcia-Monco Carra et al. [296] have described a hybrid mercury film electrode for the voltammetric analysis of copper (and lead) in acidified seawater. Mercury plating conditions for preparing a consistently reproducible mercury film electrode on a glassy carbon substrate in acid media are evaluated. It is found that a hybrid electrode , i.e., one preplated with mercury and then replated with mercury in situ with the sample, gives very reproducible results in the analysis of copper in seawater. Consistently reproducible electrode performance allows for the calculation of a cell constant and prediction of the slopes of standard addition plots, useful parameters in the study of copper speciation in seawater. 

Lu, L., et al., Highly stable air working bimorph actuator based on a graphene nanosheet/carbon nanotube hybrid electrode. Advanced Materials, 2012. 24(31) p. 4317-4321. 

Fig. 11.6 (a) Schematic illustration of SWCNT-G hybrids used for (SWCNT-G)-S hybrids (b) rate performance of the (SWCNT-G)-S hybrid electrode for Li-S cells. Reprinted with permission from [63]. 

The concept with the anchored model is also suitable for synthesizing hybrid electrodes for high-performance ECs. For example, Wu et al. reported the synthesis... 

The first commercial lithium-ion cell containing a carbon based hybrid material is the Sony Nexelion cell which was introduced in 2006.30 Nexelion cells contain a graphite/cobalt-doped amorphous tin hybrid electrode. Batteries of this cell type are used in video cameras which require high energy density but can accept the lower cycling stability of the Nexelion batteries compared to conventional lithium-ion battery systems. 

Xie, Y. B. (2006). Photoelectrochemical reactivity of a hybrid electrode composed of polyoxophos-photungstate encapsulated in titania nanotubes. Adv. Fund. Mater. 16(14), 1823-1831. 

The widespread use of dehydrogenase reactions in clinical chemistry prompted further investigation of the coupling of other enzymes with the microsomal NADPH oxidase in hybrid electrodes (Schubert et al., 1982b). Thus, sensors for ATP and isocitrate have been assembled (Table 15), which indicates the usefulness of this concept. 

Microbial hybrid electrodes using nitrifying bacteria fixed together with NH3-producing enzymes on an oxygen probe have been developed for the determination of urea (Okada et al., 1982) and creatinine (Kubo et al., 1983a). For urea assay a membrane containing immobilized... 

Fig. 107. Bacterial hybrid electrode for determination of urea. (Redrawn from Okada et al., 1982).

Fan, W., Zhang, C., Tjiu, W.W., Eramoda, K.E, He, C., Liu, T., 2013. Graphene-wrapped polyaniline hollow spheres as novel hybrid electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. ACS Appl. Mater. 

Zhang, K., Hu, H.,Yao,W.,Ye, C., 2015. Flexible and all-solid-state supercapacitors with long-time stability constructed on PET/Au/polyaniline hybrid electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. A 3,617-623. 

Kim, Y.H., M Ller-Meskamp, L., Leo, K., 2015. Ultratransparent polymer/semitransparent silver grid hybrid electrodes for smaU-molecule organic solar ceUs. Adv. Energy Mater. 5,1401822-11401822. 

Hu, H., K. Zhang, S. Li, S. Ji, and C. Ye. 2014. Flexible, in-plane, and all-solid-state micro-supercapacitors based on printed interdigital Au/polyaniline network hybrid electrodes on a chip. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2 20916-20922. 

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