Monosaccharide structure

In cases where more than one monosaccharide structure is embedded in a larger molecule, a parent structure is chosen on the basis of the following criteria, applied in the order given until a decision is reached ... 

Construction of the nucleic base via a multi-step process, centered on the monosaccharide structure.104... 

FIGURE 16.1 Monosaccharide structures drawn as open-chain carbon skeletons. 

FIGURE 16.2 Monosaccharide structures drawn as rings. Disaccharides form by linking two rings through the loss of water. 

Monosaccharide structures may be depicted in open-chain forms showing their carbonyl character, or in cyclic hemiacetal or hemiketal forms. Alongside the Fischer projections of glucose, ribose, and fructose shown earlier, we included an alternative... 

A great diversity of monosaccharide structures is a characteristic feature of bacterial polysaccharide chains, especially of O-specific chains of lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. Several surveys of monosaccharide components of bacterial polysaccharides have been published.95 98... 

Monosaccharide Structures and the Nature of Their Activated Forms... 

Drawing Monosaccharide Structures The Fischer Projection. From the stereochemical point of view, monosaccharides are considered to be derived from the two trioses, D- and L-glyceraldehyde (see Fig. III-l). These two parent compounds differ only in the steric arrangement of the atoms about the central asymmetric carbon they are mirror images (enantiomorphs, optical antipodes) of one another. 

A variety of monosaccharide sugars and polyols is employed in the food industry. The use of these materials reflects availability, costs, and properties. A brief review of monosaccharide structure and nomenclature will follow, though the reader is directed to other sources for a greater depth of information [e. g., 3-5]. 

Monosaccharide structures. The chemicai structures, symtwis specified in Essentials of Glycobiology (http // grtc.ucsd.edu/symboi.htmi), and predominant giycan distribution of common mammalian sugars is given... 

CONFORMATIONAL STRUCTURES Although Haworth projection formulas are often used to represent carbohydrate structure, they are oversimplifications. Bond angle analysis and X-ray analysis demonstrate that conformational formulas are more accurate representations of monosaccharide structure (Figure 7.10). Conformational structures are more accurate because they illustrate the puckered nature of sugar rings. 

Although the early studies established the relationships and properties of the classic families of aldoses and ketoses, and their simple derivatives, some unusual monosaccharide structures were later encountered that were of importance in the biomedical area. The antiscorbutic vitamin isolated from paprika in 1928 by Szent-Gyorgi (40) and initially termed hexuronic acid was subsequently shown to be a six-carbon furanose lactone containing an enediol structure (Scheme 10)... 

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