Glycan array

Glycan array allows for the definition of fine differences in specificity among related lectins giving clues about the basis for differences in their biological activities. For example comparison of a set of human galectins demonstrated that Gal-1, Gal-2, and Gal-3 all bind /V-acetyllactosamine but... 

Fig. 1 Glycan array analysis of codakine as measured by fluorescence intensity (glycan array v3.0 at Consortium for Functional Glycomics). Purified codakine from white clams was purified with Alexa Fluor 488 Protein Labeling Kit (Molecular Probes , Invitrogen) and tested on glycan array v3.0 at Consortium for Functional Glycomics.

To investigate this, we constructed glycan arrays to display carbohydrate antigens of defined structures and then applied these tools to detect carbohydrate-specific antibody fingerprints that were elicited by a SARS vaccine. 

Fig. 4. Glycan arrays are used to characterize the antibody profiles of vaccinated animals (Glycan array I) and to scan for asialo-orosomucoid (ASOR)-specific immunological probes (Glycan array II). Antigen preparations spotted on each glycan array and their array location are summarized in Supplemental Tables SI and S2 of reference (18) (available at the Physiological Genomics Web site).

Wang, D. and Lu, J. (2004) Glycan arrays lead to the discovery of autoimmuno-genic activity of SARS-CoV. Physiol. Genomics 18(2), 245-248. 

The traditional methods of evaluating the interactions of glycans and glycan-binding proteins are based on isothermal titration calorimetry, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and enzyme-linked lectin assays. Recently, glycan arrays have been developed as a... 

Due to the structural complexity of carbohydrates, preparation of structurally well-defined carbohydrates with broad diversity is a key issue for glycan array development. Because it is difficult to obtain sufficient quantities of glycans from natural sources, chemical or chemoenzymatic methods or even pure enzymatic methods have been used to address this deficiency. The recent advances in carbohydrate syntheses that are described in other chapters of this book have greatly reduced the labor for glycan preparation. 

FIGURE 15.1 Noncovalent immobilization methods to construct a glycan array. 

Covalently immobilized arrays are formatted by glycans with functionalized spacers that react with a complementary activated surface to form a covalent bond. Several different covalent interactions were reported to construct a specified glycan array. Amine chemistry and thiol chemistry are the two major methods to conjugate glycans to the reactive substrate in the array surface (Fig. 15.2). Thiol chemistry was first adapted by Injae Shin in 2002 to react with the maleimide functional group (Fig. 15.2a, b) [7,41 ]. Disulfide bond formation was then reported for the fabrication... 

Recent detection methods for glycan array include fluorescent assay, SPR, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and nanoparticle assay. Fluorescence-based measurement is the prevalent principle for detecting binding to glycan microarrays. Rhodamine [9],... 

APPLICATIONS OF GLYCAN ARRAY 15.3.1 Enzyme Activity/Inhibition Studies... 

Glycan Array for Diseases Detection and Vaccine Development... 

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