Canvas

Traditional uses for ramie have been for heavy industrial-type fabrics such as canvas, packaging material, and upholstery. Increased production of the fiber in Asia, particularly China, has promoted the use in blended fabrics with silk, linen, and cotton which can now be found on the market. 

Technological History (26,54—61). As a first approach, there are three groups of components supports, paint media, and pigments. The support is the substrate upon which the paint layers are laid down. This can be a specially prepared area on a wall for a wall painting, a wooden panel as in a panel painting, or a fabric in canvas paintings. Paper is a prevalent support in Oriental painting. Other supports are encountered less frequently, eg, metal panels such as copper sheet. 

The earliest remaining example of painting on a fabric support is from the twelfth dynasty in Egypt. In Europe, although the technique was known, these supports were not frequently used until the Renaissance, when the increasing size of paintings resulted in a tremendous rise in the popularity of canvas supports, a popularity which has lasted until the present. The fabric used almost exclusively by western painters was linen in the Orient silk (qv)... 

Other reinforcements that may be used in the substrate layers of decorative laminates and throughout the stmcture of industrial laminates are woven fabrics of glass or canvas and nonwoven fabrics of various polymeric monofilaments such as polyester, nylon, or carbon fibers. Woven and nonwoven fabrics tend to be much stronger than paper and have much more uniform strength throughout the x—y plane. They greatly enhance properties of laminates such as impact and tear strength. 

Monitors. Cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors ate a key element of electronic prepress systems, providing an electronic canvas for the operator. They may also be used to judge general adequacy of color in a process called soft proofing. 

Ownership of the copyright in a work is distinct from ownership of the material object, ie, the copy or phonorecord, in which the copyrighted work is embodied. The transfer of one does not constitute transfer of the other. Eor example, if a painter sells his or her painting, ie, the material object, such as canvas and oils, the painter does not automatically transfer the copyright in it sale of that copyright, so as to allow reproduction of the oil painting in printed posters, does not transfer the material object. 

A large volume usage of S—B—S-based compounds is ia footwear. Canvas footwear, such as sneakers and unit soles, can be made by injection mol ding. Frictional properties resemble those of conventionally vulcanised mbbers and are superior to those of the flexible thermoplastics, such as plasticized poly(vinyl chloride). The products remain flexible under cold conditions because of the good low temperature properties of the polybutadiene segment. 

Reclaimed rubber can be used in non-vulcanizing general-purpose NR adhesives. It can be used for insulation, packaging materials, and bonding of polyethylene, canvas, metals and wood. 

Another important application of NR is for bonding ceramic tiles, although it needs special compounding with clay filler and cellulose thickener. Water-borne NR adhesives can also be used for bonding canvas and leather shoes and interior trim in some automotive applications. 

Loci of failure A, adhesion failure C, cohesive failure of canvas F, failure between films. 

Fig. 38. Effect of resin type in Neoprene latex 750 adhesives on canvas-to-canvas peel strength. Bonds aged 7 days at room temperature [14].

Drying Rooms For drydng materials that cannot be agitated, the drying room, and tray drier (which there are many varieties) can be used. In the former, the material may be spread on pans and these stacked in a rack, which leaves a space between the trays for air circulation. The room has loosely fitted side walls of plaster board, or similar material, or even canvas, and contains a steam radiator. The natural circulation of the warm air removes the moisture the drying period is generally long, for example, one or two days. 

Gaze,/, gauze canvas, gazeartig, a. gauze-like, gauzy. 

Leinwand,/. linen cloth (painter s) canvas, -band, m. cloth binding. 

Maler-koUk, -krankheit, /. painter s colic, plumbism. -leim, m. painter s size, -lein-wand, /. painter s canvas, -silber, n. painter s silver, silver powder, -stift, m. artist s pencil, -tuch, n. canvas. 

Seventy years ago, nearly all resources for the production of commodities and many technical products were materials derived from natural textiles. Textiles, ropes, canvas, and paper were made of local natural fibers, such as flax and hemp. Some of them are still used today. In 1908, the first composite materials were applied for the fabrication of big quantities of sheets, tubes, and pipes in electrotechnical usage (paper or cotton as reinforcement in sheets made of phenol- or melamine-formaldehyde resins). In 1896, for example, airplane seats and fuel tanks were made of natural fibers with a small content of polymeric binders [1]. 

The Vinyloop process was developed by Solvay as a response to a challenge from one of its customers, Ferrari Textiles Techniques (France), who produces architectural tarpaulin and canvas in PVC/polyester compound. This is a rather difficult formulation for recycling, since the PVC is mixed with a matrix. At the same time, Ferrari felt it was important that their material would be recyclable. The first Vinyloop installation is now operational. It is a form of mechanical rather than feedstock or chemical recycling, since the PVC matrix is not changed in the process. 

FIGURE 27.8 T-peel strength values of dichloroisocyanurate (DCI)-treated styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) (R2 rubber) and thermoplastic rubber (TR)/waterbome polyurethane adhesive/canvas joints. Influence of the dichloroisocyanurate (DCI) concentration. (From Cepeda-Jimenez, C.M., Pastor-Bias, M.M., Martfn-Martfnez, J.M., and GottschaUc, P., J. Adhes. Set Technol., 16, 257, 2002.)... 

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