Luminescence, from

Examples include luminescence from anthracene crystals subjected to alternating electric current (159), luminescence from electron recombination with the carbazole free radical produced by photolysis of potassium carba2ole in a fro2en glass matrix (160), reactions of free radicals with solvated electrons (155), and reduction of mtheiiium(III)tris(bipyridyl) with the hydrated electron (161). Other examples include the oxidation of aromatic radical anions with such oxidants as chlorine or ben2oyl peroxide (162,163), and the reduction of 9,10-dichloro-9,10-diphenyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene with the 9,10-diphenylanthracene radical anion (162,164). Many other examples of electron-transfer chemiluminescence have been reported (156,165). 

Finally, an electric current can produce injection luminescence from the recombination of electrons and holes in the contact 2one between differendy doped semiconductor regions. This is used in light-emitting diodes (LED, usually ted), in electronic displays, and in semiconductor lasers. 

Harvey, E. N. (1957). A Histoiy of Luminescence from the Eai Iiest times Until 1900. Philadelphia American Philosophical Society. 

D. Moses, High quantum efficiency luminescence from a conducting polymer in solution a novel polymer laser dye. Appl. Phys. Leu. 1992, 60, 3215. 

Luminescence from the solid slate is strongly subject to packing effects. Some arc related to molecular conformation, some result from electronic interactions be-... 

Luminescence reaction (Bellisario et al., 1972). Mixing the luciferin, luciferase and H2O2 results in an emission of light, regardless of the presence or absence of molecular oxygen. The in vitro luminescence with partially purified luciferin and luciferase (A.max 503 nm) was spectrally similar to the in vivo luminescence from freshly exuded slime (A.max 507 nm) (Fig. 7.3.2). However, Ohtsuka et al. (1976) reported that the emission maximum was found at 490 nm when a pure sample of luciferin was used. 

It must be mentioned here that detergents have a tendency to destabilize luciferins and photoproteins and sometimes cause spontaneous luminescence from them, resulting in a partial loss of active luciferins and photoproteins. Such an effect is strongest with CTAB, a cationic detergent. 

Tilbury, R. N., and Quickenden, T. I. (1992). Luminescence from the yeast Candida utilis and comparisons across three genera. J. Biolumin. Chemi-lumin. 7 245-255. 

We have found for polypropynoic acid that this series of polymers reveals selective fluorescence spectra together with nonselective absorption. To account for this phenomenon, a scheme was proposed according to which PCSs are characterized by energy transfer from excited levels of some conjugation sections to the lower levels of other sections, followed by luminescence from the latter40 41,246,248,249,253. ... 

Harvey, E.N. A History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until 1900 American Philosophical Society Philadelphia, 1957 p 692. 

Table VI. Characteristics of Luminescence from Inorganic Ion-Doped Glasses...

PBE dendrons bearing a focal bipyridine moiety have been demonstrated to coordinate to Ru + cations, exhibiting luminescence from the metal cation core by the excitation of the dendron subunits [28-30]. The terminal peripheral unit was examined (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, 4-f-butylphenyl) to control the luminescence. The Ru +-cored dendrimer complexes are thought to be photo/redox-active, and photophysical properties, electrochemical behavior, and excited-state electron-transfer reactions are reported. 

Steckel JS, Zimmer JP, Coe-Sullivan S, Stott NE, Bulovic V, Bawendi MG (2004) Blue luminescence from (CdS)ZnS core-shell nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed 43 2154-2158... 

Vickery, J.C., Olmstead, M.M., Fung, E.Y. and Balch, A.L. (1997) Solvent-stimulated luminescence from the supramolecular aggregation of a trinuclear gold(I) complex that displays extensive intermolecular Au Au interactions. Angewandte Chemie, 109, 1227-1229 (1997) Angewandte Chemie (International Edition in English), 36, 1179-1181. 

Liu, Z., Peng, L.and Yao, K. (2006) Intense blue luminescence from self-assembled Au-thiolate clusters. Materials Letters,... 

Farrer, R.A., Butterfield, F.L., Chen, V.W. and Fourkas, J.T. (2005) Highly efficient multiphoton-absorption-induced luminescence from gold nanoparticles. Nano Letters, 5, 1139-1142. 

Maenosono, S., Dushkin, C. D., Saita, S. and Yamaguchi, Y. (2000) Optical memory media based on excitation-time dependent luminescence from a thin film of semiconductor nanocrystals. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 39, 4006- 12. 

Kim S, Seo J, Jung HK et al (2005) White luminescence from polymer thin films containing excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer dyes. Adv Mater 17 2077-2082... 

Image plates use stimulated luminescence from storage phosphor materials. The commercially available plates are composed of extremely fine crystals of BaFBrEu2+. X-rays excite an electron of Eu2+ into the conduction band, where it is trapped in an F-center of the barium halide with a subsequent oxidation of Eu2+ to Eu3+. By exposing the BaFBrEu" complex to light from a HeNe laser the electrons are liberated with the emission of a photon at 390 nm [38]. 

Harvey, E. E. A History of Luminescence from the Earliest Times until 1900. Am. Phil. Soc Philedelphia, 1957, 1-692. 

Figure 2 Time-gating as a way of separating short-lived luminescence from long-lived luminescence.

Assays based on luminescent lanthanide ions were developed initially in the 1970s, when instrumentation became available which could distinguish long-lived luminescence from a shortlived background. Leif and co-workers reported the first attempts to use lanthanide complexes (in this case europium complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline and 7-diketonates, i.e., [Eu(phen)(diketo-nate)3]) as tags for antibodies.107 These proved kinetically unstable in the pH regime required... 

In radiolysis, a significant proportion of excited states is produced by ion neutralization. Generally speaking, much more is known about the kinetics of the process than about the nature of the excited states produced. In inert gases at pressures of a few torr or more, the positive ion X+ converts to the diatomic ion X2+ very rapidly. On neutralization, dissociation occurs with production of X. Apparently there is no repulsive He2 state crossing the He2+ potential curve near the minimum. Thus, without He2+ in a vibrationally excited state, dissociative neutralization does not occur instead, neutralization is accompanied by a col-lisional radiative process. Luminescences from both He and He2 are known to occur via such a mechanism (Brocklehurst, 1968). 

Sometimes the quencher species is not the analyte itself, but a third (non-luminescent) partner, the concentration of which is set by the analyte level. For instance, the pH value (analyte) determines the amount of energy accepting dye that quenches the luminescence from the indicator by an energy transfer process. 

British scientists immobilized53 in a porous sol-gel glass aequorin - the bioluminescent protein found in the jellyfish Aequorea aequorea. The luminescence from this protein is specifically triggered by the presence of calcium ions. The intensity of the luminescence, measured at the peak... 

When used with europium or terbium ions, a carbostyril-based lanthanide chelate can be excited at 340 nm and provide sharp characteristic emission bands for transfer of energy to the appropriate acceptor fluor. Similar to the TMT chelator described previously, luminescence from terbium FRET signals well with Cy3 dyes and luminescence from europium can be used with APC or Cy5 dyes. Other fluorescent dyes that have similar excitation and emission ranges to these also can be used as acceptors in TR-FRET assays. For instance, terbium chelates can... 

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